industry insights

GPRS’ visualization services provided a gas station with an above and below-ground view of the store’s existing conditions to ensure the safety and success of a remodeling project.

The client was planning to remodel the gas station’s interior store area. However, they did not have any accurate as-built documentation for the property. Without accurate plans, the chance of a utility strike is very high when remodeling.

Gas stations have a very extensive and complex network of underground utilities. Underground storage tanks (USTs), fuel piping, and electrical conduit are all needed to keep gas stations operational. Striking any of these underground utilities could cause delays, temporarily closing the gas station for repairs, and severe injuries to workers or patrons.

GPRS Project Manager Jeffrey Paneda performed 99.8% accurate utility and concrete scans across the whole property and reality capture scans in the store’s interior.

The store had to remain open during the scanning process. Even though Paneda worked around high traffic areas, he used constant communication and wore his proper PPE to ensure that the scans and the gas station’s business would not be affected.

“With it being an operational store, it definitely was a challenge, so to overcome it, I was communicating with the store manager and the employees, making sure they know why I'm there,” Paneda explained. “With the people that don't know what I'm doing out there, I have high vis [high-visibility clothing] on and so that definitely shows, ‘Hey, I'm here working.’”

Along with the constant flow of people in Paneda’s scan paths, there was also a nearby freeway that needed to be investigated.

“[The gas station] was up against a freeway, so trying to see all the utilities around the outside coming in was a bit of a challenge, because, obviously there’s high amounts of cars speeding by,” Paneda explained. “It's a little bit more challenging, but I still made sure I didn't miss anything.”

During his time on site, Paneda also performed reality capture scans of the store’s interior to capture virtual measurements with millimeter accuracy. Paneda took approximately three days to scan the entire site.

Once Paneda completed the scans, he uploaded the results into SiteMap® (patent-pending), GPRS’ cloud-based infrastructure platform. With SiteMap, the client’s data is securely stored in one place. And with the SiteMap mobile app, they always have their underground infrastructure is always in their pocket or the palm of their hand, ready to analyzed.

GPRS’ in-house Mapping & Modeling Team then converted the reality capture data into 2D drawings and 3D models of the store’s interior. These deliverables included 2D CAD drawings and an immersive virtual model of their store.

With this data at their disposal, they could efficiently plan and confidently dig as they remodeled the store’s interior. By avoiding any rework or delays associated with utility strikes, their project could remain on time, on budget, and safe.

While out on another job, Paneda saw that gas station and noticed that they had completed the remodeling process.

“I see the renovations they made, and it looks much better,” Paneda explained. “Coming back and seeing our hand in helping them out was really cool.”

From skyscrapers to sewer lines, GPRS Visualizes the Built World by showing clients what they need to see.

What can we help you visualize?

‍

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What do I get when I hire GPRS to conduct a utility locate?

Our Project Managers flag and paint our findings directly on the surface. This method of communication is the most accurate form of marking when excavation is expected to commence within a few days of service. If we can not leave markings with paint, we have other ways of marking out sites that meet our clients’ needs.

GPRS also uses a global positioning system (GPS) to collect data points of findings. We use this data to generate a plan, KMZ file, satellite overlay, or CAD file to permanently preserve results for future use. GPRS does not provide land surveying services. If you need land surveying services, please contact a professional land surveyor.

Please contact us to discuss the pricing and marking options your project may require.

Can GPRS Project Managers distinguish between different underground utilities that they locate?

In most situations, we can identify the utility in question without any problems, although it is not always possible to determine what type of utility is present. When this happens, we attempt to trace the utility to a valve, meter, control box, or other signifying markers to determine the type of utility buried.

What are the Benefits of Underground Utility Mapping?

Having an updated and accurate map of your subsurface infrastructure reduces accidents, budget overruns, change orders, and project downtime caused by dangerous and costly subsurface damage.

‍

GPRS Utility Locating Services helped ensure the safety and success of soil borings for a Commercial and Industrial (C&I) solar installation.

GPRS Project Manager Chris Wardrick was called out to a manufacturing facility in North Carolina, where a contractor was preparing to take soil borings as part of the due diligence work prior to installing the solar panels and related infrastructure.

Why are Soil Borings Important When Installing Solar Panels?

Conducting soil borings is a critical step in ensuring the long-term success and safety of a solar project. Soil borings provide essential geotechnical data about the subsurface conditions at the installation site. This information helps engineers and project planners understand the soil's composition, density, moisture content, and bearing capacity – factors that directly influence the design and stability of the solar panel foundations.

Failing to take soil borings leaves you at risk of encountering unexpected ground conditions that could compromise the structural integrity of the solar array. Soil that is too soft or contains expansive clay, for example, may not adequately support the weight of the racking system and panels, leading to shifting, tilting, or even failure over time. Soil borings allow for the selection of appropriate foundation types – such as driven piles, ground screws, or ballast systems – tailored to the site's specific conditions, which helps mitigate these risks.

Soil borings can also reveal potential environmental or construction challenges, such as high groundwater levels, contamination, or buried debris. Identifying these issues early in the planning phase can prevent costly delays and redesigns – and ensure compliance with local building codes and environmental regulations.

C&I Solar Explained

Commercial and industrial (C&I) solar installations refer to large-scale solar energy systems designed to meet the energy needs of businesses, manufacturing facilities, warehouses, schools, and other non-residential properties.

Unlike residential solar systems, which typically serve a single home, C&I solar projects are built to generate significant amounts of electricity – often enough to power entire operations or offset a substantial portion of a facility’s energy consumption. These systems can be installed on rooftops, carports, or ground-mounted arrays, depending on the available space and energy requirements.

One of the key advantages of C&I solar installations is their potential to deliver long-term cost savings. By generating their own electricity, businesses can reduce reliance on utility providers, hedge against rising energy costs, and take advantage of financial incentives such as tax credits, depreciation benefits, and renewable energy certificates. In many cases, solar can also enhance a company’s sustainability profile, helping meet environmental goals and appeal to eco-conscious customers and stakeholders.

From a technical standpoint, C&I solar projects require careful planning and engineering to ensure optimal performance and regulatory compliance. Factors such as system size, energy usage patterns, grid interconnection, and structural integrity of the installation site all play a role in the design process. Because of their scale and complexity, these installations often involve collaboration between solar developers, engineers, utility companies, and facility managers. When executed properly, C&I solar systems can provide reliable, clean energy for decades – making them a smart investment for organizations looking to improve their bottom line and environmental impact.

How GPRS Kept This Project On Time, On Budget, and Safe

There were no accurate as-built documents of the buried infrastructure at the manufacturing facility in North Carolina. But personnel there told Wardrick that they believed there were several utilities running through the proposed soil boring locations.

“The client was looking to have three soil borings completed on the property,” Wardrick said. “They wanted a 10’x10’ area around each boring cleared.”

Wardrick used electromagnetic (EM) locating and ground penetrating radar (GPR) scanning to investigate the soil boring locations.

EM locators detect the electromagnetic signals radiating from metallic pipes and cables. These signals can come from the locator’s transmitter applying current to the pipe, from current flow in a live electrical cable, or from a conductive pipe acting as an antenna and re-radiating signals from stray electrical fields and communications transmissions.

GPR scanners emit radio signals into the ground or a surface such as concrete, then detect the interactions between those signals and any buried objects. These interactions are displayed on a GPR readout as a series of hyperbolas, each varying in size and shape depending on the type of material that was located.

GPRS Project Managers are specially trained to interpret this data to determine what is buried under your job site and provide the approximate depth of the object.

Through the combination of his EM locator and GPR scanner, Wardrick was able to determine that there were no buried utilities interfering with the proposed soil boring locations. The contractor was so impressed with Wardrick’s rapid response and accuracy, that he was asked to clear several additional soil boring locations while on-site.

“Once we completed the locate, they got right to work,” he said. “…They wanted to be safe and cautious about digging, they wanted to make sure they’re absolutely positive they were not going to hit anything.”

The utility locating data Wardrick collected at the facility was uploaded to SiteMap^® (patent pending), GPRS’ infrastructure management software application. Securely accessible 24/7 from any computer, tablet or smartphone, SiteMap ensures that the facility’s personnel and any future project partners will have access to a single source of truth from which they can plan, manage, and build better.

From soil borings to skyscrapers, GPRS Visualizes The Built World^® to keep your projects on time, on budget, and safe.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

What types of deliverables do I get when I hire GPRS to conduct a utility locate?

Our Project Managers flag and paint our findings directly on the surface. This method of communication is the most accurate form of marking when excavation is expected to commence within a few days of service. GPRS also uses Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Positioning to collect data points of findings. We use this data to generate a plan, KMZ file, satellite overlay, or CAD file to permanently preserve results for future use. GPRS does not provide land surveying services.  

Can ground penetrating radar (GPR) be used to verify known measurements?

We can use GPR to cross-check the measured depth and location of a located utility with existing as-built plans to verify the accuracy of plans.

Does GPRS offer same-day private utility locating?

Yes, our professional Project Managers can respond rapidly to emergency same-day private utility locating service calls on your job site.

Vapor intrusion (VI) is a serious public health and environmental issue.

It occurs when volatile chemicals migrate from contaminated soil or groundwater into the indoor air of overlying buildings. This pathway is like radon gas infiltration but often involves hazardous industrial chemicals such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. Left unchecked, vapor intrusion can expose occupants to carcinogens and other toxic compounds, creating long-term health risks and complicating property transactions and redevelopment projects.

The Dangers of Vapor Intrusion

The main risk of vapor intrusion is long-term exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These include trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), benzene, and vinyl chloride. These chemicals are connected to cancer, brain damage, liver and kidney harm, and developmental issues. Unlike acute exposure scenarios, vapor intrusion typically results in low-level but persistent exposure. This can be difficult to detect without specialized testing. Indoor sources such as cleaning products can make matters worse by masking contamination.

Vapor intrusion carries legal and financial implications as well as health risks. Regulatory agencies increasingly require vapor-intrusion assessments during property transactions, brownfield redevelopment, and site remediation. Failure to address VI can lead to liability under environmental laws, costly retrofits, and reputational damage for developers and property owners.

How to Conduct Vapor-Intrusion Assessments

A vapor-intrusion assessment starts with a conceptual site model (CSM). This model shows possible sources, pathways, and receptors. Sources typically include contaminated groundwater plumes, soil impacted by spills, or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Vapors migrate through the vadose zone and enter buildings through cracks, utility penetrations, and other openings in the foundation.

The assessment process generally involves:

• Soil Gas Sampling: Take samples from under building slabs or near the source area to help measure VOC concentrations
• Indoor Air Sampling: Comparing indoor air concentrations to outdoor background levels to determine if subsurface contamination is contributing
• Sub-Slab Sampling: Installing vapor pins beneath the foundation to directly measure vapors before they enter the building
• Temporal Variability Analysis: Accounting for seasonal and pressure-driven changes that influence vapor migration

Advanced modeling tools are often used to predict indoor air concentrations based on subsurface data. These models incorporate site-specific parameters like soil permeability, building construction, and contaminant properties.

EPA Screening Tools and Attenuation Factors

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers tools to simplify vapor intrusion evaluations. The Vapor Intrusion Screening Level (VISL) Calculator is a cornerstone resource. It uses toxicity values, exposure assumptions, and attenuation factors to generate risk-based screening levels for groundwater, soil gas, and indoor air. Users enter site-specific concentrations. The tool then calculates if further investigation or mitigation is needed.

Attenuation factors (AFs) are critical in estimating indoor air concentrations from subsurface measurements. They show the ratio of indoor air concentration to subsurface concentration. This reflects how much dilution and resistance occur during vapor migration. EPA’s recommended default AFs are:

• Groundwater to Indoor Air: 0.001
• Sub-Slab Soil Gas to Indoor Air: 0.03
• Crawl Space Air to Indoor Air: 1.0

For example, if sub-slab soil gas contains 100 µg/m³ of benzene, applying the AF of 0.03 predicts an indoor air concentration of 3 µg/m³. These factors make screening easier, but they can change with site conditions. So, regulators usually ask for confirmatory sampling.

EPA also maintains a Vapor Intrusion Database that compiles attenuation factors from real-world sites, improving the accuracy of predictive models.

Mitigation Technologies

When assessments confirm unacceptable risk, mitigation becomes essential. The most common technology is sub-slab depressurization (SSD). It creates negative pressure under the foundation and vents vapors outside. SSD systems can be active, using fans, or passive, relying on natural pressure differentials. For crawl spaces, sub-membrane depressurization is common. It uses a sealed membrane over the soil. This membrane connects to a venting system.

Other approaches include:

• Building Pressurization: Adjusting HVAC systems to maintain positive indoor pressure, reducing vapor entry
• Sealing Entry Points: Applying vapor barriers and sealing cracks. This is rarely sufficient as a standalone measure
• Indoor Air Treatment: Using air-purifying units with activated carbon or photocatalytic oxidation for temporary mitigation
• Source Control: Excavating contaminated soil or implementing soil vapor extraction to eliminate the vapor source

Emerging technologies combine SSD with real-time monitoring and adaptive controls. This setup ensures steady performance, even when conditions change.

Cost Considerations

Mitigation costs vary widely based on building size, foundation type, and contamination severity. Passive systems are less expensive but may not achieve sufficient risk reduction. Indoor air treatment units provide a temporary fix but require regular maintenance and monitoring.

Long-term costs include operation, maintenance, and periodic verification sampling. Regulatory requirements often mandate annual inspections and performance checks, adding to lifecycle expenses. Developers should also factor in indirect costs such as project delays, stakeholder communication, and potential legal liabilities.

How GPRS Ensures the Safety & Success of Your Vapor-Intrusion Assessments

Vapor intrusion is a complex environmental issue. It demands careful assessment and smart solutions.

When you’re assessing the potential for VI concerns within a building by sampling sub-slab soil gas or vapor concentrations, it’s vital that you know what’s embedded within – and buried below – that concrete slab before you drill. Striking conduit, rebar or post tension cable could compromise the integrity of the structure, endanger the lives of you and your workers, and decimate your project’s schedule and budget.

GPRS provides precision concrete scanning & imaging services that tells you exactly where you can safely drill. You’ll be able to get your work done without causing any headaches for yourself or your clients.

Let us help keep you on time, on budget, and safe. Click below to schedule a service or request a quote today!

Frequently Asked Questions

How is ground penetrating radar used to identify tendons vs. rebar in a post-tensioned slab?

In post-tensioned structures, we typically find one mat of support rebar near the base of the slab. This mat is generally consistently spaced and remains at a constant elevation. Post-tension cables are generally found above this support mat and “draped” throughout the rest of the structure. The elevation of the cable is usually high near the beams and column lines and drapes lower through the span between beams and column lines. Knowledge of these structural differences allows us to accurately differentiate between components. Our Project Managers will leave you feeling confident in our findings and in your ability to drill or cut without issue.

How long does it take to scan an area for core drilling?

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an extremely efficient and rapid technology. Large areas can be easily and quickly scanned with the state-of-the-art GPR units utilized by GPRS Project Managers. Our standard layout for a typical core drilling location is 2’x2’. It usually takes about 10 minutes to scan and mark an area this size.

How accurate is GPR with marking anomalies in concrete?

When operated by our highly trained Project Managers, GPR’s typical accuracy is +/- ¼” to the center of the object in concrete we locate: conduit, post tension cables, and rebar. We can also pinpoint the depth of every object we locate in concrete with an accuracy of +/- 10-15%. Because our accuracy while scanning with GPR is so high, we can offer you our professional opinion to help you know where you are able to drill without the risk of hitting any objects marked on the slab. For safety concerns, we always tell our contractors to move one-to-two inches from any marked line as they prepare to cut or drill to be sure they safely miss any embedded objects. We are so confident in the accuracy of our Project Managers that we introduced the Green Box Guarantee, which states that when we place a Green Box within a layout prior to you anchoring or coring concrete, we guarantee that area will be free of obstructions. If we’re wrong, we will pay the material cost of the damage.

Can GPR scan concrete slab-on-grade?

Yes, it can. Unlike with X-ray, where both sides of a concrete slab must be accessible to obtain a picture of the subsurface structure, GPR only requires access to one side of a slab to obtain a comprehensive view of what’s inside the slab. This makes it an ideal technology for evaluating concrete slab-on-grade.

Structural design forms the foundation of every successful building project. It ensures that structures are safe and capable of withstanding predicted loads. It also ensures that the building is functional, efficient, and built to last.

‍

‍

It’s not just about calculations. It's about architects, engineers, and contractors working together. This teamwork aims to build a safe and efficient structure.

In this guide, we’ll walk through the step-by-step process of structural design, from conceptual planning to construction administration. We’ll also highlight how GPRS plays an important role in delivering as-built documentation and preventing subsurface damage during construction.

‍

Step 1: Conceptual Design

The structural design process begins with conceptual design. This is the stage where ideas fall into place and the project team assesses feasibility. This phase is important because it sets the foundation for everything that follows. Architects collaborate with structural engineers to convert the architectural vision into a practical and structurally sound concept.

In conceptual design, the team looks at the building’s purpose, space needs, and design goals. They also consider site-specific conditions like soil type and environmental factors. These considerations influence decisions about foundation type, whether shallow or deep, and guide the selection of structural systems and materials like steel, concrete, or timber.

Budget constraints also play a huge role. The challenge is to balance cost efficiency with safety and performance. Preliminary layouts usually have column grids, beam spans, and slab configurations. These elements provide a foundation for more detailed analysis later.

This stage is not just technical; it is also creative and collaborative. Engineers and architects come together to brainstorm solutions. They sketch ideas and use modeling tools to visualize their options. Not considering site conditions or architectural intent early can lead to costly redesigns later. For example, ignoring weak soil layers can lead to foundation settlement issues. This may harm the building's structural integrity.

‍

Step 2: Load Analysis

Once the concept is clear, engineers move on to load analysis. This step determines the forces the building will face throughout its life cycle.

According to Panel Built Incorporated, “A dead load refers to a structure's static, non-moving weight or any permanent components that form an integral part of it. It primarily consists of the weight of the building materials and any fixed installations, such as walls, beams, columns, roofs, and flooring.”

A live load refers to the moving loads that structures face. These come from human occupancy, furniture, vehicles, and other temporary factors.

Environmental loads like wind, earthquakes, snow, and temperature changes make calculations more complex.

Standards like ASCE 7-22 guide engineers in calculating these loads and their combinations. The goal is to make sure the design considers worst-case scenarios. This helps protect against structural failure. For example, a high-rise in a hurricane-prone region will have strict wind load requirements compared to a warehouse in a low-wind zone.

‍

Step 3: Structural Analysis

Once the team determines the loads, the next step is structural analysis. This phase predicts how the building will behave under those loads. This also ensures that it meets safety and performance requirements.

According to Universidad Europea, “Whether it's designing skyscrapers, bridges, or even residential homes, structural analysis plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, stability, and durability of structures.”

Safety helps engineers figure out how much stress a structure can handle before it fails. Stability confirms that the building will remain intact and secure under extreme conditions. Examples include high winds or seismic events. Durability is the ability of a structure to withstand wear, weather, and time without losing its functionality or strength.

Modern structural analysis often incorporates finite element methods. According to Neural Concept, “it breaks down complex structures into smaller, more manageable elements.” This approach helps engineers identify potential weaknesses early in the design process.

Engineers can also use Building Information Modeling (BIM) for structural analysis. According to Autodesk, “Structural analytical modeling in Revit enables engineers to coordinate between physical and analytical models and facilitates BIM-centric analysis workflows within Revit, allowing bidirectional interoperability between Revit and analysis software.”

You can learn more about BIM in this complete guide.

‍

Step 4: System Design

After analysis, engineers finalize the structural system. Designhub1610 states that “choosing the right structure system is a foundational decision that shapes a building’s design, function, and overall stability.” This includes frames, trusses, shear walls, and more. Integrating with architectural and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) systems is key. It helps prevent conflicts during construction.

For example, a hospital may need a moment-resisting frame for seismic resilience. Meanwhile, a warehouse might use simple braced frames for cost efficiency. When choosing a structural system, you need to weigh purpose, location, expected loads, budget, and architectural design.

‍

Step 5: Element Detailing

Detailing transforms conceptual plans into actionable drawings. Engineers specify dimensions, reinforcement details, and connection designs for beams, columns, slabs, and foundations. Compliance with standards such as ACI 318 for concrete and AISC 360 for steel ensures safety and durability.

Poor detailing of beam-column joints can cause brittle failures during earthquakes. Attention to detail at this stage is critical.

‍

Step 6: Iterative Design and Drafting

Design is rarely perfect on the first attempt. Engineers Canada states that “The whole process is iterative, meaning that engineers repeat the steps as many times as needed, making improvements along the way as they learn from ‘failure,’ which can aptly be seen as opportunity.”

After the initial calculations and layouts, engineers review their designs. They include insights from structural analysis, coordination meetings, and feedback from stakeholders. This approach makes sure that the final design is both accurate and practical.

Modern workflows often use digital tools and modeling software like BIM to streamline this process. Each iteration allows engineers to identify potential conflicts. This includes a structural beam that intersects with HVAC ductwork. Engineers resolve them before construction begins. Detecting these issues early can save thousands of dollars in rework and help avoid delays.

The iterative process is essential because it acknowledges that design is dynamic. Engineers adapt their plans as new information comes in. This helps them follow codes, use materials better, and improve performance. The cycle continues until the design meets factors such as function, safety, cost, and feasibility.

‍

Step 7: Construction Administration

Once construction begins, the Engineer of Record (EOR) oversees compliance with design specifications. Responsibilities include:

• Reviewing RFIs (Requests for Information)
• Approving deferred submittals
• Inspect sites to verify structural integrity

Lack of timely site inspections can result in deviations from design, compromising safety.

‍

What is the Role of GPRS in Structural Design?

Before excavation or coring, it’s important to know what lies beneath the surface. GPRS provides subsurface scanning to locate utilities, rebar, and voids. Services include utility locating, concrete scanning, and CAD drawings for accurate planning. By leveraging GPRS, contractors avoid costly damage and ensure safety during construction.

Reality capture with 3D laser scanning provides precise as-built documentation of existing conditions. GPRS reality capture services deliver accurate as-built documentation. This streamlines workflow for engineers, supports informed decision making, helps you avoid costly clashes, and more.

Structural design is a meticulous process that blends science, technology, and collaboration. Every step, from planning to construction oversight, ensures the building's safety and longevity. Engineers, architects, and contractors can lower risks and ensure lasting projects. They can achieve this by following best practices and teaming up with professional service providers like GPRS.

‍

What can we help you visualize?

‍

Frequently Asked Questions

How does GPRS reality capture support the conceptual design phase?

GPRS uses 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry to capture existing site conditions with millimeter-level accuracy. This data helps architects and engineers visualize terrain, existing structures, and environmental constraints. Laser scanning enables informed decisions about foundation types, structural systems, and material selection early in the design process.

‍

What role does reality capture play in load analysis?

Reality capture generates high-resolution point clouds and BIM models that simulate how forces will interact with the building. These models integrate with structural analysis software like Revit. This allows engineers to test stress, stability, and durability under various load scenarios. This also helps identify weaknesses before construction begins.

What Is BIM Building Information Modeling?

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of creating an intelligent, digital 3D model that represents the physical and functional characteristics of a building and its infrastructure. It integrates geometry, spatial relationships, geographic data, quantities, and component properties into a unified model, enabling architects, engineers, and contractors to collaborate more effectively throughout design, construction, and maintenance.

BIM is not just a 3D model. According to Autodesk, “Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the holistic process of creating and managing information for a built asset. Based on an intelligent model and enabled by a cloud platform, BIM integrates structured, multi-disciplinary data to produce a digital representation of an asset across its lifecycle, from planning and design to construction and operations.”

‍

What Building Life Cycle Processes Does BIM Support?

The process of BIM supports the creation of intelligent data that teams can use throughout the lifecycle of a building or infrastructure project.

Plan: BIM helps with early project planning. It uses reality capture technology to gather real-world data. This data creates accurate models of current conditions. This foundational information helps teams make informed decisions before design planning.

Design: In the design phase, teams use BIM to reference as-built documentation, develop conceptual layouts, and perform analysis. BIM data also supports preconstruction planning, helping to align schedules and logistics early in the process.

Construction: As construction begins, BIM specifications guide fabrication and on-site assembly. Contractors and trades use the model to coordinate tasks. It helps streamline workflows and ensures construction activities are done efficiently and on time.

Operations: After the project ends, BIM data moves to the operations phase. It helps with maintenance, asset tracking, and facility management. It also provides a valuable resource for future renovations.

What are the Elements of BIM?

A BIM model is constructed using specialized software like Autodesk Revit or Bentley MicroStation, which allows users to create intelligent 3D representations of building components embedded with additional data. The process usually starts by importing point cloud data from 3D laser scans. Then, this data is modeled into architectural, structural, and MEP elements. Each element has precise geometry and metadata.

A BIM model integrates a wide range of data layers to create a comprehensive, intelligent representation of a building or infrastructure. These layers include:

• Geometry: Detailed 3D representations of building components such as walls, doors, windows, and structural elements.
• Material Specifications: Information about the type, quantity, and performance characteristics of materials used.
• Spatial Relationships: Data showing how components connect, align, and interact within the structure, including adjacency, elevation, and orientation.
• Geographic Data: Site-specific information such as coordinates, topography, and environmental context, useful for solar studies, wind analysis, and geospatial planning.
• Quantities: Material takeoffs, dimensions, and counts of components used for estimating costs and managing procurement.
• Component Properties: Detailed attributes like fire ratings, thermal performance, manufacturer information, and maintenance requirements.
• Cost Estimations: Budgeting and financial planning data derived from quantities and specifications within the model.
• Scheduling: Construction sequencing, task timelines, and resource allocation to support project planning and execution.
• Facility Management Data: Operational details, including maintenance schedules, equipment warranties, and asset tracking for long-term building management.

Together, these elements form a unified digital BIM environment that enhances collaboration, reduces errors, and supports informed decision-making throughout the entire lifecycle of a building.

‍

What Can BIM Be Used For?

BIM is a versatile tool with applications that extend far beyond design and construction, supporting every phase of a building’s lifecycle and enhancing collaboration, efficiency, and decision-making across disciplines. Here are some use case examples for BIM:

Design Visualization – Architects and engineers use BIM to assess the existing conditions, visualize the design, and simulate how the building will function throughout its lifecycle.

Clash Detection – BIM helps identify conflicts between MEP systems early in the design phase to prevent costly rework.

Construction Planning – Contractors use BIM to sequence tasks, coordinate with trades, manage timelines, and optimize resource allocation.

Cost Estimation – BIM models include material quantities and specifications, enabling accurate budgeting and financial forecasting.

Facility Management & Upgrade – Building owners use BIM to track maintenance schedules, equipment warranties, assess space utilization, and plan for upgrades.

Renovation and Retrofit Projects – BIM provides detailed as-built data that helps teams plan upgrades without disrupting existing systems.

Historic Preservation – BIM helps architects preserve unique architectural features and integrate modern systems to meet safety codes, accessibility requirements, and energy efficiency standards, ensuring that the building remains functional while honoring its historical value.

Energy Analysis – Engineers use BIM to simulate energy performance and optimize HVAC, lighting, and insulation systems.

Prefabrication – BIM provides exact measurements to produce building components off-site with precision, reducing waste and labor costs.

Regulatory Compliance – BIM helps ensure designs meet building codes, accessibility standards, and safety regulations.

Virtual Tours – BIM models can be used to create immersive walkthroughs for contractors, clients, and investors.

Disaster Planning and Risk Mitigation – BIM can simulate emergency scenarios such as fire, flooding, or structural failure to help design safer buildings and plan evacuation routes or disaster response strategies.

Asset Management and Lifecycle Tracking – Beyond facility maintenance, BIM can track the lifecycle of individual assets, for example HVAC units or elevators, including installation dates, service history, and expected replacement timelines.

Site Logistics and Construction Safety – BIM can be used to plan site logistics, such as crane placement, material staging, and worker movement, helping to improve safety and efficiency on construction sites.

Infrastructure and Civil Projects – BIM is not limited to buildings; it’s also used for roads, bridges, tunnels, and utilities, integrating geospatial data and civil engineering models for large-scale infrastructure planning.

Sustainability and LEED Certification – BIM supports green building initiatives by modeling daylighting, water usage, and energy efficiency, helping teams meet LEED or other sustainability certification requirements.

Digital Twin Integration – BIM serves as the foundation for digital twins, providing real-time data connected to buildings for monitoring performance, predictive maintenance, and operational optimization.

‍

What is the Role of Laser Scanning in BIM?

3D laser scanning plays a critical role in Building Information Modeling by capturing millions of precise data points that represent the exact geometry and spatial relationships of existing structures. Using 3D laser scanning equipment, technicians collect data in the form of a point cloud, which they then process and convert into intelligent 3D BIM models using software like Autodesk Revit, AutoCAD, and Bentley MicroStation. These models provide a highly accurate digital representation of architectural, structural, and MEP systems,

Laser scanning is ideal for BIM because it offers:

• High accuracy
• Rapid data collection
• Safe documentation of hard-to-reach areas
• Comprehensive coverage of architectural, structural, and MEP systems

BIM enables teams to design, plan, and manage projects with confidence and minimal risk of error.

‍

What are the Levels of Detail (LOD) in BIM?

LOD is the set of specifications that gives AEC professionals the power to document, articulate, and specify BIM models effectively. By using LOD specifications to scope their projects, architects, engineers, and other professionals can clearly communicate the precision requirements of the BIM model for faster project execution.

BIM models can be customized based on the required Level of Detail (LOD). GPRS offers three tiers:

• Standard Detail: Basic geometry and layout.
• High Detail: Includes architectural features and major MEP components.
• Very High Detail: Comprehensive modeling of all building systems, down to individual components.

‍

What BIM Deliverables Can Be Created?

BIM deliverables can be tailored to meet the specific needs of each project and stakeholder. Here are some of the deliverables that can be created from 3D laser scan point cloud data:

• Point Clouds: Raw scan data in formats like .rcs or .e57.
• 2D CAD Drawings: Floor plans, elevations, sections, and reflected ceiling plans.
• 3D BIM Models: Intelligent models for design, construction, and facility management.
• 3D Mesh Models: Surface representations for visualization and analysis.
• Virtual Tours: Interactive walkthroughs for stakeholder engagement.
• TruView and JetStream Viewer Files: Tools for viewing and interacting with scan data.

These deliverables support various workflows, from design and prefabrication to maintenance and renovation.

‍

What Software Can Create BIM?

Creating a BIM model requires specialized software that supports intelligent modeling, data integration, and interoperability. Here are some of the most widely used software in the industry:

‍

What Are the Applications of BIM Across Industries?

BIM is not limited to architecture or construction, it is a powerful tool used across a wide range of industries to improve planning, execution, and asset management. Here are some industries where BIM is making a significant impact:

• Architecture: Design visualization and documentation
• Engineering: Structural analysis and system integration
• Construction: Scheduling, cost estimation, and clash detection
• Facility Management: Maintenance planning and asset tracking
• Healthcare: Space planning and compliance
• Education: Campus renovations and expansions
• Retail: Store layout and rollout planning
• Manufacturing: Equipment installation and upgrades
• Energy: Power plant design and retrofits
• Telecommunications: Infrastructure planning and optimization

BIM is not limited to large-scale projects. It adds value to projects of any size, whether it’s a small renovation or a complex facility upgrade, by improving planning, coordination, and execution. GPRS has completed hundreds of BIM projects across these industries, delivering models that support efficient planning and execution.

Learn more about industries served.

‍

What are the Benefits of BIM?

BIM offers a wide range of benefits that enhance collaboration, reduce risk, and improve project outcomes across the board. BIM enables engineers, contractors, and architects to work on a single project from anywhere in the world. It condenses a plethora of information about every detail into a workable format. It makes for easier design, simpler coordination between team members, and easier structure maintenance across the entire built environment, and this is just the beginning. Some benefits of using BIM include:

• Real-time access to building information
• Accurate project planning
• Improved communication across project teams
• Model-based cost estimation
• Visualization of projects in pre-construction
• Identification and mitigation of clashes
• Improved scheduling and sequencing
• Precise prefabrication of building components
• Reduced errors and rework

‍

What is the Real-World Impact of BIM?

A study from Dodge Data and Analytics, “Measuring the Impact of BIM on Complex Buildings,” found these results from AEC pros:

• 93% said BIM improved the quality/function of the final design
• 88% said BIM led to an accelerated job completion
• 85% said BIM resulted in a reduction in the final construction cost

AEC companies are realizing that planning virtually before beginning construction brings huge cost and time savings. The AEC industry is going through a digital transformation, trending to digital twins, and this means data rich 3D BIM models are a must.

Building Information Modeling is revolutionizing the AEC industry by providing a unified platform for design, construction, and facility management. By applying 3D laser scanning, clients receive highly accurate, data-rich models that support efficient project execution and long-term asset management.

Whether you are planning a new build, renovating an existing structure, or managing a facility, BIM offers the tools and insights needed to succeed. By embracing BIM, stakeholders can reduce costs, improve collaboration, and build with confidence.

‍

How Can GPRS Help You?

GPRS is a leading provider of 3D laser scanning and BIM services in the United States, delivering accurate as-builts, point clouds, 2D CAD drawings, and 3D BIM models to expedite project planning. Our elite team of Project Managers utilizes state-of-the-art equipment, software, and processes to document architectural, structural, and MEP system layout and dimensions for existing buildings, facilities, and sites.

To learn more about BIM for architects,  BIM for engineers, BIM for contractors, BIM for facility management, or BIM for infrastructure, click here.

For 3D laser scanning and BIM modeling services and pricing, call 419-843-7226 or email Laser@gprsinc.com.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

How Long Does 3D Laser Scanning Take?

GPRS has Project Managers across the country, allowing us to respond quickly with detailed quotes. Most jobs can be scanned in just a few hours, while larger sites may take a few days. Scanning entire facilities or campuses can take weeks. Yet, most projects are completed in hours or days.‍

How is 3D Laser Scan Data Registered?

The registration process is a collaborative effort. Registering a 3D laser scan point cloud involves aligning multiple scans of the same area taken from different positions into a single, coherent point cloud. This typically involves using specialized software like Autodesk Recap to import the data and align the scans. The Mapping & Modeling Team uses the software to spot overlapping areas in different scans. It captures the same physical features from slightly different angles. This helps the software identify corresponding points. Unwanted “noise” can be cleaned or deleted from the point cloud. Autodesk Recap software can remove unwanted data or noise. This includes reflections, moving objects, and background clutter. As a result, it creates a clean point cloud that shows the target project area. Proper registration ensures 3D laser scan measurements are accurate. This data can be exported for use in CAD or BIM software like Revit or AutoCAD.‍

How is 3D Laser Scan Data Processed?

At GPRS, once a site is scanned, we process the raw point cloud data by combining individual scans. We remove unwanted noise and convert the data into usable formats like 2D drawings or 3D models. The level of detail depends on the project’s needs, ranging from basic visuals to complex models. GPRS follows a structured workflow focused on accuracy, teamwork, and planning. We ensure efficient project execution. Our deliverables are high quality and tailored to each client's needs.‍

GPRS Leak Detection Services saved an apartment complex thousands of dollars in non-revenue water loss and additional maintenance costs.

Haven Apartments in Hobart, Indiana is around 280,000 s.f. and has 300 units. Leaking underground pipes had been plaguing their bottom line for months. GPRS Project Manager Cody Exner was tasked with locating sources of the leaks.

“They were losing hundreds of thousands of gallons of water a day, which was basically what raised the red flag for them and why they initially called us out there,” Exner explained.

The client was exploring other options, such as hiring a plumber, to ensure they resolve this issue. However, hiring a plumber for this issue would have been very costly.

“If the plumbers were called out there, they said they were going to completely take all their underground lines, cut and cap them and run everything overhead,” Exner explained. “This would have cost them tens of thousands of dollars.”

GPRS Leak Detection Services help clients precisely target repairs to avoid the extra time and expenses related to pipe excavation. Exner used an acoustic leak detector to locate the source of the leaks. Acoustic leak detectors locate leaks with a sensitive ground microphone or an acoustic listening device. The device is either used at the surface level, or is dropped into a manhole, and the Leak Detection Project Manager uses headphones to listen to and isolate the leak tone.

GPRS Project Managers can also use leak detection correlators, also known as leak noise correlators, to pinpoint leaks. They use sensors placed on both sides of a pipe that send information back through radio waves. The processing unit compares the data with algorithms designed for certain noise profiles, which determines the exact location of any leaks.

The biggest benefit of utilizing acoustic leak detection and leak detection correlators is that it’s non-destructive. Other methods, such as potholing, involve excavating areas to check the conditions of underground pipes. Acoustic leak detection is quicker to perform and avoids the need for repairs or replacements of damaged ground and structures afterward.

“When I first started the project, I listened to one of the apartment complexes that they knew was 100% fine based on the data that they had, so I get a base tone and figure out what their pipes sound like,” Exner explained. “Based on my initial listening, I was able to determine that they had leaks in the different units.”

A trained ear is vital when identifying the location of underground leaks. Factors like how the pipe was constructed, the depth of the pipe below ground, and the severity of the leak can all impact what they are hearing. Expertly trained leak detection specialists with field experience, like Exner, will be able to listen to the pipes and discover the exact location of the leaks.

“After investigating using the acoustic leak detector, we then were able to determine that a couple of the apartment complexes had service leaks right at the meter where it goes into the building,” Exner explained. “They were able to put a different meter on it.”

After the new meter was installed, Exner checked with the client to ensure everything was working as it should.

“I touched base with them a couple of weeks ago and they said they're running back to normal and not seeing any more excessive usage or problems,” Exner explained. “So, they're back to the amount that they were initially spending on the unit.”

From leaking underground pipes to buildings that pierce the sky, GPRS can visualize YOUR built world to show you what you need to see when you need to see it.

What can we help you visualize?

‍

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How many miles of pipe can GPRS test in one day?

Our Project Managers can test up to 10 miles of pipe a day on a metallic system (cast iron/ductile) and a contact point (hydrant/valve) per minute.

‍

Why don’t I see any water at the location where you’ve pinpointed the leak?

Water finds the path of least resistance. Water can run through cracks in subsurface rock or make its way into storm, sanitary, and conduit piping. If the subsurface contains a high volume of sand, it will naturally flow farther down. There is no water visible on the surface in more than 99% of the leaks we locate.

‍

Concrete coring involves drilling precise, circular holes into concrete structures.

It sounds simple, but coring is a technically demanding task. It requires careful planning, specialized equipment, and – most critically – accurate data showing you what's embedded within the concrete slab before you core.

How Is Concrete Coring Done?

The coring process begins with selecting the appropriate drill and bit size. Contractors prefer diamond core bits because they can cut through concrete, aggregate, and embedded steel with minimal vibration and dust. The drill is mounted on a rig, which may be handheld or anchored to the surface for stability.

Water is typically used during drilling to cool the bit and suppress dust. In sensitive environments, such as hospitals or data centers, dry coring can be used. Dry coring often employs vacuum systems to effectively handle debris.

The operator must maintain steady pressure and monitor their progress. They need to ensure they are not damaging the surrounding concrete slab, or any embedded utilities or structural components.

Once extracted, cores can be analyzed for compressive strength, density, or other properties.

Why Is Concrete Coring Necessary?

Concrete coring serves a wide range of functions across industries:

• Utility Installation: Electricians, plumbers, and HVAC technicians often run conduits, pipes, or ductwork through concrete walls or floors
• Structural Testing: Engineers extract cores to assess the quality and integrity of existing concrete, especially in aging infrastructure
• Retrofitting and Renovation: When buildings are modified or expanded, coring allows for the integration of new systems without compromising structural integrity
• Anchoring and Fastening: Holes may be drilled to install anchor bolts, dowels, or other structural reinforcements

Precision is paramount when concrete coring to ensure the success of your project. Misaligned or poorly executed cores can compromise the structure, damage embedded systems, or create safety hazards.

The Hidden Dangers Beneath the Surface

Concrete is rarely just concrete. Modern slabs often contain a complex network of embedded elements:

• Reinforcing Steel (Rebar): Provides tensile strength and structural integrity
• Post Tension Cables: Used in high-performance slabs to reduce cracking and increase load capacity
• Electrical Conduits: Carry power and data throughout buildings
• Plumbing Lines: Transport water, gas, or waste
• Fiber Optic Cables: Critical for communication infrastructure

Drilling into any of these elements can have serious consequences. Severing a post tension cable can release stored energy with explosive force. This endangers workers and can compromise the structure. Damaging electrical conduits can cause outages, fires, or electrocution. Hitting a water line can flood the site and halt work for days.

These are not hypothetical risks. These things happen regularly on job sites across the world. The cost of such mistakes can be staggering, both in terms of safety and project delays.

Why You Need to Know What’s Below

Before you core, you need to know what's within and below the concrete slab you're planning to penetrate.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive imaging technology used for locating and mapping objects embedded within concrete slabs. A GPR scanner emits radio waves into the slab, then detects the interactions between those waves and any embedded objects such as rebar, post tension cable, or conduit. These interactions show up in a GPR readout as hyperbolas. Their size and shape vary based on the material detected.

Unlike X-ray scanning, GPR does not require access to both sides of the slab and poses no radiation risk. It’s fast, accurate, and ideal for identifying:

• Rebar patterns and depth
• Post-tension cables
• Conduits and pipes
• The likely location of voids or honeycombing
• Embedded anomalies

When properly interpreted by a qualified concrete scanning professional, the resulting data reveals safe coring areas. You’ll be able to avoid any critical embedded infrastructure and ensure compliance with safety standards.

Let GPRS Keep You Safe When You Need to Core

Concrete coring isn't just drilling holes. It's a precise and risky task that requires skill and planning.

Concrete slabs have hidden complexities, so every coring job comes with risks. If you don't hire a professional concrete scanning company to give you accurate data of what's within the slab before you core, you're risking serious safety hazards and financial setbacks.

GPRS provides precision concrete scanning services that help keep your concrete coring projects on time, on budget, and safe. Utilizing GPR scanning, electromagnetic (EM) locating, and other complementary technologies, we Visualize The Built World^® to help you plan, manage, and build better. Our SIM-certified concrete scanning Project Managers have achieved and maintained a 99.8%+ rate of accuracy, meaning we’re providing you with industry-leading services to ensure you can get your work done while avoiding mistakes and delays.

Concrete Thickness

GPRS Project Managers provide GPR scanning services to determine key slab information for structural engineers, including concrete cover and overlay thickness, concrete thickness, and even dowel placement. Unlike other concrete scanning companies, GPRS is not limited by the size or scope of your site; we have the training and the equipment to fully evaluate your concrete structure.

Slab On Grade

Ground penetrating radar’s ability to visualize what’s inside and under concrete slab-on-grade is one of its biggest advantages over X-Ray scanning technology. Because GPR only needs access to one side of a concrete slab or structure to scan the material for anomalies such as embedded conduit, it can evaluate slab-on-grade.

Shallow Utility Locating

It’s not just the utilities within your concrete slab that you need to worry about – if it’s a slab-on-grade, you also need to avoid lines buried in the soil below. GPRS Project Managers utilize both GPR and EM locating to provide you with a 99.8%+ accurate picture of the infrastructure within and below your concrete slab.

Conduit Mapping

We know you can’t risk severing an electrical conduit while coring or cutting through concrete. We mark our GPR findings directly on your slab so you know where all subsurface obstructions are buried and where you can safely cut or core.

Rebar Locating

Damaged rebar will cost you tens of thousands of dollars to repair. And that’s not counting any structural damage or injuries that occur because of the damaged support. GPRS Project Managers are specially trained to use GPR to locate and map the rebar within your slab or concrete structure.

Post Tension Cable Mapping

Our concrete scanning GPR service can locate post tension cables prior to core drilling. Our concrete scanning results are directly marked on the slab's surface. We can also create 2D CAD drawings and a 3D BIM model. These will show the layout of the post-tension cables inside your slab.

The GPRS Green Box Guarantee

When GPRS places a Green Box within a layout on a concrete slab before you cut or core the concrete, we guarantee that area will be free of obstruction.

If we’re wrong, we agree to pay the cost of any damage that occurs.

Green Box Guarantee information is presented directly on the surface of the coring location. This ensures clear communication of where you can and can’t safely core. GPRS Project Managers perform post-job walkthroughs to explain all Green Box Guarantee locations and parameters.

Click here to learn more.

Post Tension Slab 3D BIM Modeling

See inside your post-tensioned concrete slabs - including conduit, draping, rebar, and more - with comprehensive 3D BIM models that help you avoid damages and plan, upgrade, and renovate better.

Case Study: GPRS Provides Accurate PT Cable Layout for 49-story Building

Task:

GPRS partnered with Turner Construction to locate and mark the full post tension cable system layout for floors 12-23 of a 49-story building, with approximately 12,500 sq. ft. of concrete on each floor. After completing concrete scanning using GPR, each floor was 3D laser scanned. We used this data to produce 2D CAD drawings and a 3D BIM model for virtual design and construction. The architect received a permanent record of the post tension cable layout to complete fit and finish design plans for the 12 floors of the building.

Problem:

The AEC team required precise interior PT slab mapping for design, planning, and construction of their mixed-use building. Every PT cable bears up to 30,000 Ibs. of load and costs $20,000-$30,000 to replace.

Solution:

GPRS Project Managers employed GPR to accurately scan the interior of each slab. The team then 3D laser scanned the surface markings so that our in-house Mapping & Modeling Team could build accurate 2D CAD drawings and a 3D BIM model of the interior of each slab, including individual and bundled cable drape.

The Bottom Line: GPRS' detailed 2D CAD plans and 3D BIM model allowed for precise planning, and safe MEP and HVAC installations.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

Can GPRS scan vertical surfaces or ceilings?

Yes, GPR can scan for the location of rebar in concrete columns and walls. It can also scan the underside of a floor to mark out the reinforced steel and any embedded conduits.

How is GPR used to identify tendons vs. rebar in a post-tensioned slab?

In post-tensioned structures, we typically find one mat of support rebar near the base of the slab. This mat is generally consistently spaced and remains at a constant elevation. Post-tension cables are generally found above this support mat and “draped” throughout the rest of the structure. The elevation of the cable is usually high near the beams and column lines and drapes lower through the span between beams and column lines. Knowledge of these structural differences allows us to accurately differentiate between components. Our Project Managers will leave you feeling confident in our findings and in your ability to drill or cut without issue.

How long does it take to scan an area for core drilling?

GPR is an extremely efficient and rapid technology. Large areas can be easily and quickly scanned with the state-of-the-art GPR units utilized by GPRS Project Managers. Our standard layout for a typical core drilling location is 2’x2’. It usually takes about 10 minutes to scan and mark an area this size.

Can GPR scan concrete slab-on-grade?

Yes, it can. Unlike with X-ray, where both sides of a concrete slab must be accessible to obtain a picture of the subsurface structure, GPR only requires access to one side of a slab to obtain a comprehensive view of what’s inside the slab. This makes it an ideal technology for evaluating concrete slab-on-grade.

If you’re considering reality capture services for your next project, you’ll encounter the terms LiDAR and 3D Photogrammetry. They are technologies that are best utilized when operated by reality capture professionals, like GPRS Project Managers.

While they both have similar uses and can sometimes complement each other, their capabilities and ideal scopes of work are different.

By understanding these differences, you can make a well-informed decision on how to best capture your reality.

WHAT IS LiDAR?

LiDAR, short for “light detection and ranging,” is a remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure distances to a target. A LiDAR sensor sends out beams of ultraviolet and/or near-infrared light and then measures how long it takes for them to return to the sensor. Each scan is limited to the scanner’s line-of-sight, so multiple scans are required to provide a comprehensive 3D view of an object or scan area.

GPRS utilizes LiDAR technology in our reality capture services to provide clients with highly accurate scan data that we can translate into 2D CAD drawings and 3D models. LiDAR can also be used with other technologies like ground penetrating radar (GPR) or electromagnetic (EM) locators in an attempt to “Go Beyond the Line of Sight.”

Once a given geographical area, terrain, building, or space is scanned using a LiDAR laser scanner, a point cloud of the area is created.

Point clouds provide powerful and dynamic information for a project. CAD technicians, like the GPRS Mapping & Modeling Team, transform point clouds into deliverables vital for decision-making and analysis, such as 2D CAD drawings and 3D BIM models.

Site plans, floor plans, elevations, isometric drawings, and reflected ceiling plans are all examples of 2D drawings that GPRS can provide using reality capture technology like LiDAR.

GPRS also provides 3D modeling and scan-to-BIM services to support design, visualization, space definition, prefabrication, and clash detection.

There are two types of LiDAR scanners: airborne and terrestrial. Airborne LiDAR scanners mount a laser to a remote-control device, like a drone, to capture scan data. Terrestrial LiDAR scanners are typically mounted to a tripod and are stationary during the scanning process. Terrestrial LiDAR scanners are the type most commonly utilized by GPRS Project Managers.

In recent years, Apple has added LiDAR sensors to the latest iPhones for better camera quality and augmented reality (AR) experiences.

LiDAR services and deliverables are ideal for construction and architectural projects. Accurate point cloud data from LiDAR 3D scans helps professionals in AEC industries keep projects on schedule, within budget, and safe.

There are many manufacturers that utilize LiDAR scanning technology, including:

• Leica Geosystems – the most well-known manufacturer of LiDAR scanning technology. They are known for their high accuracy and user-friendly integration with CAD & BIM platforms
• FARO Technologies – known for applications in AEC industries along with forensic cases and assembly lines
• Luminar Technologies – the only company with LiDAR technology included in the global production of a vehicle
• YellowScan – known for drone LiDAR scanning in the entertainment, archeological, and agricultural industries.
• Teledyne Optech – known for their advanced aircraft LiDAR scanning and surveying

WHAT IS PHOTOGRAMMETRY?

Photogrammetry is the process of capturing images and stitching them together to create a digital model of a structure or site for visualization, planning, and analysis.

Photogrammetry uses a camera, which can also be equipped with LiDAR, to digitally document sites with high-resolution photographs. The photographs are taken from different positions and angles to capture a 360° view of each setup and can be stitched together in a virtual tour of the site.

Like LiDAR, there are two types of photogrammetry: aerial and terrestrial. Aerial photogrammetry captures aerial photos by mounting a camera to a drone or an aircraft, while terrestrial photogrammetry takes photos from a fixed position.

The data captured with photogrammetry can be used to create digital twins, virtual tours, floorplans, 2D CAD plan views, digital terrain models, and more.

GPRS utilizes 3D Photogrammetry as part of our reality capture services, and our WalkThru 3D, FLRPLN, and ProCap products. It has tremendous value in its ability to capture our 99.8% accurate field markings to allow our Mapping & Modeling Team to create integrated digital twins and provide a 360° view of any site or facility.

There are many manufacturers that utilize 3D photogrammetry technology, including:

• Matterport – utilizes LiDAR to create interactive 3D models, point clouds, layouts, and floorplans of physical spaces best suited for real estate and facilities
• Pix4D – performs aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry that also utilize LiDAR for AEC industries, land surveying, and forensic cases
• Polycam – created an app that allows smartphones to perform 3D photogrammetric scans

It is also important to note that most brands that utilize photogrammetry also utilize LiDAR technology, and vice versa.

WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LiDAR AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY?

One of the biggest differences between LiDAR and photogrammetry is the level of accuracy of the scans.

LiDAR laser scanners can capture 2-4 mm accurate scans up to 60 meters away. They achieve this by capturing 2 million data points per second. This level of high accuracy is why it is most ideal for architecture and construction. Being off by an inch or two can make a huge difference on a job site. Photogrammetry is done with overlapping, rectified photos that focuses more on detailed images rather than accurate measurements.

However, if color images are what a client needs, then photogrammetry is the route to go. By default, all photogrammetry scans are in full color while LiDAR scans are in greyscale. LiDAR can do color scans if chosen ahead of time. That choice does extend the time needed to conduct the 3D scans, so it’s important to address that early on.  LiDAR laser scanners rely on the overlap of a laser point cloud and a 3D photo in order to assign an RGB value to the point cloud.

Photogrammetry scans are also full of rich visual detail. The texture and color of surfaces are very well captured through photogrammetry scans. LiDAR scans are often limited in the amount of surface detail conveyed in the scans.

One benefit of LiDAR’s default greyscale scans is its ability to scan data in darker or even pitch-black environments. That is beneficial for jobs in places with limited lighting like underground caves. Since photogrammetry scanners only shoot in color, it will not pick up any good scan data in darker environments without extra lighting.

In terms of similarities, LiDAR and photogrammetry scanners can both create similar deliverables as well. While the process of creating them may be different, they can both create 3D models, points clouds, and 2D drawings.

LiDAR and photogrammetry also can both be conducted in the air on drones or aircrafts, and on the ground from a stationary position.

They both support planning, design, construction, and facility management by reducing site visits, improving collaboration, and streamlining workflows.

Another similarity between LiDAR and photogrammetry products is that it is always best to hire professionals, like GPRS Reality Capture Project Managers, to use these tools and capture scan data. Even if you have thousands of dollars to spend on a brand-new laser scanner, the result will lack accuracy without the proper training and expertise of a professional.  

CAN THEY BE USED TOGETHER?

LiDAR and 3D Photogrammetry can be used together on some occasions to amplify scan results. Since they each have certain weaknesses that the other does not, their technologies can be complementary.

For example, since LiDAR scans are conducted in greyscale, photogrammetric imagery can be used to enhance and colorize point cloud data.

Further, 2-4 mm accurate LiDAR scans can be used to create an accurate model backbone that ties in 3D photogrammetry scans to make the model more precise.

HOW DO I KNOW WHEN I NEED REALITY CAPTURE SERVICES?

Almost any project that requires as-built information can benefit from a laser scanning survey.

Utilizing GPRS’ reality capture and 3D laser scanning services can yield the following benefits:

• Collecting millions of real-world data points
• Eliminate measurement errors
• Reduce change orders and waste
• Eliminating or minimizing operational shutdowns and client inconvenience
• Increased safety

For LiDAR and photogrammetry, their capabilities and ideal scope of work perfectly demonstrate how they can help you.

We recommend a GPRS Project Manager utilizing LiDAR laser scanners if you need:

• A detailed scan of a building’s entire exterior and/or interior
• To update a structure’s as-built documentation
• 2D CAD drawings or 3D models with high accuracy
• A 3D model of complex mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems
• Updated measurements and models of historical buildings without having to physically touch the aging infrastructure

We recommend a GPRS Project Manager utilizing 3D Photogrammetry if you need:

• To create a virtual tour of a real estate, commercial, or industrial space
• To create a digital twin to track progress or plan future projects
• To develop floorplans, 3D models and walkthroughs
• Color models of a structure or facility
• Highly detailed images of building façades not easily seen from the ground

From schools to stadiums, to skyscrapers, GPRS captures your reality to keep your projects on time, on budget, and safe.

What can we help you visualize?

‍

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What is Scan-To-BIM?

Scan to BIM is the process of digitally capturing a site with a 3D laser scanner and using the data to create a BIM model. Building information modeling (BIM) is an intelligent software modeling process that engineers, contractors, and architects can use to collaborate on a building’s design, construction, and operation. It’s more than just a model. It’s a process of collecting and managing data throughout a building’s entire life cycle.

What Is a Digital Twin?

A digital twin is a highly complex virtual model that is the exact counterpart (or twin) of a physical object. GPRS uses 3D laser scanners to collect real-time data for a building or facility and create a digital duplicate. Data can be easily visualized, measured, analyzed, and updated. Digital twins can be used to improve efficiencies, optimize workflows and detect problems before they occur.

This is the start of a multi-part series focusing on the findings, recommendations, and potential impacts of the Common Ground Alliance’s 2024 DIRT Report.

Ending exemptions for water and sewer asset holders, renegotiating One Call contracts based on performance instead of cost, and enacting mandatory preconstruction protocols for telecommunication infrastructure installation are just some of the changes the Common Ground Alliance is urging to combat excavation utility damages nationwide.

The CGA’s 2024 DIRT Report includes the strongest language the trade association of nearly 4,000 damage prevention professionals has ever used regarding compliance with federal and state 811 regulations, and safety practices, and for good reason.

“We are falling critically short of the progress necessary to drive real change,” the letter from President & CEO Sarah Magruder Lyle at the front of the report states.

“After encouraging progress in 2023, the 2024 data shows an increasing trend of total damages, with the CGA Index rising from 94 to 96.7… our current trajectory will not achieve the transformative change our industry needs without commitment and immediate investment.”

What is the CGA Index?

In 2023, for the 2022 reporting year, the CGA instituted a new scale of metrics designed to provide a clearer picture of how utility damages occurred, in what business sectors, and what factors caused the damages. The organization shows a 2.3 point increase in full dataset quality, which could potentially signal that the more accurate the reporting and metrics become, the larger and more dangerous the problem of underground utility strikes actually is.

What Are the Main Causes of Utility Damages?

Of the 196,977 unique damage reports covered in the 2024 report (combined total of the U.S. and Canada) 85% of all utility damages were caused by the “top 10 root causes.”
‍

1. Failure to file a locate request

2. Excavators verifying marks but failing to maintain clearances

3. Facilities unmarked due to locator error

4. Facilities inaccurately marked due to locator error

5. Improper excavation practices (not otherwise listed)

6. Excavation proceeding without marking verification via potholing

7. No mark-out due to unresponsive utility operator or contract locator

8. Failure to shore excavation support/facilities

9. Faded, lost, or unmaintained mark-outs

10. Unmarked facilities due to incorrect existing records/maps
‍

In 38% of reported incidents, excavators had followed the rules of their state’s reporting system, but were unable to break ground safely, if at all, because their locate request had an “incomplete response.”  

And the top 10 root causes “reveal clear patterns” showing that utility work “dominates” damage incidents across all root causes.

‍

In the Executive Summary for the 2024 report, the CGA lays out specific training, industry, and “regulatory frameworks that balance deployment speed with safety,” to meet the moment. “…we must fundamentally shift our approach form voluntary Best Practices adoption to consistent, enforceable standards and forward-thinking Next Practice innovation,” they say on page 6.

Their rallying cry is “The Path Forward Requires Systemic Change,” and is broken into five main priorities, each with its own specific recommendations for regulators and policymakers, facility owners, and excavators.

Priority 1: Improve Locate Timelines Across All Operators to Target Top Damage Root Cause

Priority 2: Target Water/Sewer and Telecommunications Dominance in Work Performed

Priority 3: Scale Successful Programs Based on Damage Prevention Institute Findings

Priority 4: Implement Systematic Enforcement Across All Stakeholders

Priority 5: Accelerate Data-Driven Decision-Making

Why is the CGA Sounding the Alarm Now?

While this is not the first time the Common Ground Alliance has called for legislation and regulatory oversight of the nation’s One Call/811 systems, the 2024 DIRT Report contains the organization’s most strident and comprehensive call to action in memory.

In its 2022 report, the CGA urged a reset of the enforcement and penalty structure, stating that stakeholders should “examine enforcement of all primary participants in the process to ensure penalties are effective and incentivize those involved to change their behavior.” Further, they asked that accountability extend to asset owners, excavators, and utility locators.

Again, in 2023, the DIRT Report framed the organization’s recommendations in the form of industry actions and called on stakeholders to “establish coordination mechanisms between government agencies/regulators, facility owners, excavators, locators and other industry stakeholders.” Such coordination usually requires rulemaking or statutory updates. So, in proposing mandatory standards, the CGA was looking to legislators at the city, state, and federal level, although the ask was couched in some rhetoric.

Prior to and since 2022, every update to the CGA’s Best Practices Guide & its Stakeholder Advocacy Toolkit has encouraged mandatory education either as an alternative to, or supplement of civil penalties for damage-prevention law violations, but stopped short of direct calls for legislative change.

Now, the gloves have come off in 2025 with the 2024 DIRT Report’s calls for mandatory preconstruction protocols for telecommunications installations, which are often done using directional drilling/trenchless technology, and can have a massive impact on existing utilities, among other sweeping recommendations.  

Future GPRS Industry Insights articles on the 2024 DIRT Report will delve into each of the CGA-named priorities, their precedents, potential regulatory steps, and overall impacts on the construction and damage prevention industries.

GPRS has been at the cutting edge of construction damage prevention since 2001, striving to provide our customers nationwide the infrastructure data they need to bring their projects in on time, on budget, and most importantly, safely. Utility damage prevention is a cornerstone of our commitment to Visualizing The Built World®.

What can we help you visualize?

Digital technologies have changed how we think about, plan, and carry out construction projects.

4D and 5D modeling are major breakthroughs. They enhance Building Information Modeling (BIM) by including time and cost factors in standard 3D models.

These advanced modeling techniques are not just buzzwords. They represent a paradigm shift in project management, collaboration, and decision-making.

Understanding the Dimensions: From 3D to 5D

To grasp the importance of 4D and 5D modeling, you need to see how they fit into the larger BIM framework.

• 3D modeling forms the foundation, representing the geometric and spatial aspects of a building. It includes architectural elements, structural components, and systems like HVAC and electrical
• 4D modeling adds time as a dimension. It connects construction schedules to the 3D model. This enables visual simulation of the construction process over time
• 5D modeling includes cost data. This helps stakeholders analyze financial impacts alongside design and scheduling

These dimensions work together to support smarter decision-making throughout the entire project lifecycle.

4D Modeling: Time as a Design Element

4D modeling is the integration of scheduling data with a 3D BIM model. It helps project teams see the construction sequence. They can find conflicts and improve workflows before any construction work begins.

How It Works

4D modeling connects each part of the 3D model to tasks in the construction schedule. This connection makes it possible to create time-based simulations. They illustrate the construction of the building step by step. You can play these simulations like a video. They show exactly what will happen on-site at any moment.

A project manager knows when the team will pour the foundation, install the steel framing, and add the interior finishes. All this information appears on one clear timeline.

Benefits of 4D Modeling

The advantages of 4D modeling are both strategic and operational. It enhances communication among stakeholders by providing a shared visual language. Contractors can better coordinate trades, reduce downtime, and avoid clashes. Owners gain a clearer understanding of project milestones and potential delays.

4D modeling also supports scenario planning. Teams can simulate different construction sequences to find the most efficient path forward. They can account for variables like weather, labor availability, and site constraints.

5D Modeling: The Financial Dimension

While 4D modeling focuses on time, 5D modeling brings cost into the equation. It connects the 3D model and construction schedule with detailed cost data. This allows for real-time budget analysis and forecasting.

How It Works

In a 5D model, each building element is associated with cost information—materials, labor, equipment, and more. As the design evolves or the schedule changes, the model automatically updates the cost estimates. This dynamic connection allows you to continuously track costs and stay ahead of budget overruns.

Say a design change increases the quantity of steel required for your project. The 5D model will reflect the updated cost immediately. You and your team can quickly make informed decisions. You and your clients can balance design aspirations with financial realities.

Benefits of 5D Modeling

The integration of cost data into the BIM environment offers several key benefits. Because all stakeholders have access to the same financial information, it improves transparency and accountability. It also enhances accuracy in cost estimation, reducing the risk of surprises during construction.

5D modeling also supports value engineering. Teams can try different materials or construction methods. They can quickly see how those choices impact the budget. This fosters a more collaborative and proactive approach to cost management.

Real-World Applications and Case Studies

Infrastructure Projects

Large infrastructure projects, like highways, bridges, and rail systems, gain a lot from 4D modeling. These projects often involve complex phasing and coordination among multiple contractors. Time-based simulations keep each phase on track with the schedule. This helps reduce disruptions and delays.

In a major rail project, 4D modeling helped coordinate construction near active train lines. Visual simulations helped teams plan work during off-peak hours. This avoided service interruptions and saved millions in potential penalties.

Commercial Developments

In commercial construction, 5D modeling has proven invaluable for budget control. A major office tower project in a dense urban area used 5D modeling to manage costs across multiple design iterations. The client asked for changes to the façade and interior layout. The model gave quick cost feedback. This helped the team stay on budget while maintaining quality.

Integration with Project Management Tools

One of the strengths of 4D and 5D modeling is their ability to integrate with existing project management platforms. Tools like Primavera P6, Microsoft Project, and cost estimation software link easily to BIM environments. This connection creates a smooth flow of information.

This integration supports real-time updates and collaboration. When you change the schedule in the project management tool, it updates in the 4D model right away. Cost changes in the estimation software update the 5D model. This connectivity reduces manual data entry and ensures consistency across platforms.

Challenges and Considerations

Data Quality and Standardization

The effectiveness of 4D and 5D models depends on the quality of the underlying data. Inconsistent naming conventions, missing attributes, or outdated schedules can compromise the accuracy of simulations and cost estimates. Establishing clear data standards and workflows is essential.

Training and Adoption

Adopting these advanced modeling techniques requires a cultural shift within organizations. Teams need training in both the software’s technical skills and the collaborative mindset that BIM requires. Resistance to change can slow adoption. So, leaders must promote the benefits and offer continuous support.

Software Compatibility

Not all BIM tools support 4D and 5D modeling natively. Integrating different platforms can be complex, requiring custom scripts or middleware. Choosing the right software ecosystem and ensuring interoperability is a critical step in successful implementation.

The Future of 4D and 5D Modeling

As digital transformation accelerates, 4D and 5D modeling are poised to become standard practice in the AEC industry. Emerging technologies such as AI, machine learning, and cloud computing will boost their capabilities even more.

AI analytics can spot schedule risks using past data. Cloud platforms allow real-time teamwork no matter where you are. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are now paired with 4D and 5D models. This lets stakeholders dive into the construction process and financial planning.

The rise of digital twins – virtual replicas of physical assets – will build on 4D and 5D foundations. These twins continuously update with live data from sensors and IoT devices, offering unprecedented visibility into building performance and maintenance needs.

4D and 5D modeling represent a significant leap forward in how construction projects are planned, executed, and managed. By adding time and cost dimensions to traditional 3D models, these technologies provide a holistic view of the project lifecycle, enabling smarter decisions, better collaboration, and more predictable outcomes.

GPRS provides industry-leading 3D laser scanning and scan-to-BIM services that ensure your projects start accurate and stay accurate.

We allow you to capture, analyze, and define existing conditions through safe, non-contact 3D laser scanning. We provide an accurate foundation for 4D and 5D modeling, allowing you to save millions of dollars in downtime and cost overruns.

All the as-built information we collect for you is at your fingertips 24/7 thanks to SiteMap^® (patent pending) our revolutionary cloud-based utility mapping software that consolidates all your infrastructure data in one easy-to-access, secure application. Accessible 24/7 from any computer, tablet, or smartphone, SiteMap allows you and your team to plan, build, and manage your projects better.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

How is 3D laser scan data registered?

The registration process is a collaborative effort. Registering a 3D laser scan point cloud involves aligning multiple scans of the same area taken from different positions into a single, coherent point cloud. This typically involves using specialized software like Autodesk Recap to import the data and align the scans. The Mapping & Modeling Team uses the software to find overlapping areas between different scans where the same physical features are captured from slightly different angles, allowing the software to identify corresponding points.

Silbaugh says unwanted “noise” can be cleaned or deleted from the point cloud. Autodesk Recap software can isolate and delete extraneous data or noise, such as reflections, moving objects, or background clutter, leaving behind a refined point cloud representing the desired project area. Proper registration ensures that measurements taken from the 3D laser scans are accurate and the data can be exported for use in CAD or BIM applications like Revit or AutoCAD.

How long does 3D laser scanning take?

With Project Managers all over the US, we work quickly to provide detailed quotes for clients. For most jobs, large areas can be laser scanned in as little as a couple of hours or larger sites in as little as a few days. Entire facilities or campuses can take several weeks to capture the entire site, but most projects are measured in hours or days.

What if my project is limited within the physical setting?

Some projects require special applications due to limitations within the physical setting. This is often due to line-of-sight issues and when a scan must be done safely from the ground or with precautionary distance. Some of these applications would include above-ceiling MEP features in hospitals where it is necessary to maintain negative airflow or interstitial spaces that are congested with limited access. Since laser scanning is a non-contact measurement tool (i.e. we can scan from a safe distance or location) this becomes a powerful tool for solving these complex challenges.

What Are the Key Considerations Before Deciding on 3D Laser Scanning Services?

3D laser scanning provides a record of the current building information, including architectural, structural, utility, and MEP system dimensions, locations, and material specifications. This information is essential for project planning. Whether you’re an architect planning a renovation, an engineer validating structural tolerances, a contractor racing against a schedule, or a facility manager managing an equipment upgrade, 3D laser scanning has become an essential tool for capturing the physical reality of buildings and sites with millimeter-level accuracy.

By converting physical spaces into rich, measurable point clouds, CAD drawings, and BIM models, 3D laser scanning informs decision-making, reduces rework, and streamlines coordination across the entire project lifecycle.

But the real value comes from matching the right 3D laser scanning approach to the right use case because layout verification, clash detection, prefabrication, and facility management all demand different accuracy requirements, workflows, and deliverables.

So how do you decide what’s right for your project? This article discusses what general contractors, engineers, architects, and facility managers consider when defining and evaluating 3D laser scanning services, helping to ensure the technology delivers value where it matters the most.

‍

‍

What Should You Consider Prior to Selecting a 3D Laser Scanning Provider?

Choosing the right 3D laser scanning service starts with understanding the specific needs of your project. Selecting the right scanning approach isn’t “one size fits all.” Several key factors can help determine the reality capture solution that is best for your project.

1. Project Objectives

First, assess what you are trying to accomplish, whether it’s capturing as-built conditions to plan a renovation for adaptive reuse, complete a manufacturing plant retrofit, or verify construction progress.

What will the scan data be used for?

• Design & Planning: Are you creating floor plans, elevations, or site layouts?
• Construction & BIM: Will the data feed into a Building Information Model (BIM)?
• Facility Management: Is the goal to create a digital twin to support asset tracking, maintenance, or space planning?
• Inspection & Analysis: Do you need to detect structural issues, measure tolerances, or perform clash detection?

2. Project Scope

To accurately define the scope for a 3D laser scanning project, it’s important to assess several key factors. These include the total square footage of the area to be scanned, the number of levels or floors involved, and whether the space is currently occupied. Additionally, clarify the requirements of the scan, whether it includes the interior, exterior, roof, MEP equipment, or a comprehensive site capture.

3. Stakeholders

Start by identifying who will be using the 3D laser scan data, whether it's architects, engineers, contractors, building owners, or facility managers. Understanding each stakeholder’s role is essential for determining the scanning approach and deliverables. Be sure to clarify their preferred software platforms, such as Revit, AutoCAD, or Navisworks, as this will influence the required data formats and level of detail.

Before selecting a scanning service or technology, involve your stakeholders early in the planning process. Their input can help define expectations around modeling standards, software compatibility, and data integration. This collaborative approach ensures the scan data fits seamlessly into your project workflow and helps avoid costly rework or format conversions later.

4. 3D Laser Scanning Equipment Needed

The layout and complexity of the building or site plays a major role in selecting the appropriate 3D laser scanning technology. Large-scale environments, such as construction sites, infrastructure projects, or multi-story buildings, require terrestrial scanners that have long-range capabilities and high accuracy. In contrast, scanning detailed elements like MEP systems or interior layouts may call for high-resolution scanners with greater mobility. Architectural features such as facades, curved surfaces, tight spaces, or structural irregularities will influence which type of 3D laser scanning equipment is most suitable for the job. Handheld scanners are ideal for capturing quick snapshots or accessing hard-to-reach areas, while tripod-mounted or terrestrial scanners offer superior precision for comprehensive scans, though they are less portable.

5. Accuracy & Resolution Requirements

The required level of detail depends on how the scan data will be used. For example, as-built documents for renovations need millimeter-level accuracy. In contrast, general site surveys can have lower accuracy requirements. High-resolution 3D laser scanners are crucial for tasks such as clash detection, prefabrication, and structural analysis. In these areas, precision is key and cannot be compromised. Low accuracy requirements could help create conceptual design plans for a new building.

6. Scan Environment & Accessibility

Some 3D laser scanning projects take place in challenging environments, for example, scanning dense MEP systems, low-light conditions, or areas with limited physical access. These factors can impact the performance of certain scanners. It’s important to choose a scanner that can operate effectively in low-light settings and navigate dense equipment and tight crawlspaces. Additionally, consider whether the scanner supports tripod mounting, handheld use, or both, depending on your project scope.

Keep in mind that LiDAR technology cannot penetrate solid objects. Therefore, it’s essential to plan your scanning strategy carefully to ensure that critical areas are not obstructed by furniture, equipment, or structural barriers. A thorough site scan strategy will ensure complete data capture and minimize return trips.

7. Intended Use of Scan Data

Understanding how the scan data will be used is essential when selecting a 3D scanner and its accompanying software. Whether you're creating 2D floor plans, developing BIM models, tracking construction progress, managing facilities, or conducting structural inspections and clash detection, each application has specific requirements. The scanner must be capable of producing point cloud data in compatible formats such as E57, RCP, LAS, or OBJ, and should integrate smoothly with industry-standard tools like Revit, Navisworks, AutoCAD, or Civil 3D. Clearly defining the purpose of your scan ensures that both the hardware and software will support your workflow efficiently and deliver the quality and compatibility needed for successful outcomes.

8. Timeline

Do you need a fast turnaround for a tight timeline? Time is always a critical factor in project management. High-speed scanners can capture entire rooms or building exteriors in minutes. This speed is crucial for large jobsites. Some 3D laser scanning systems offer automated scanning or batch processing, improving efficiency for repetitive tasks. But, faster isn’t always better, make sure that the scanner maintains accuracy to avoid compromising data quality.

9. Budget

When planning for 3D laser scanning, it’s important to consider your budget. Pricing varies by equipment, project complexity, location, and turnaround time. To make an informed decision, ask 3D laser scanning service providers to break down what’s included in their pricing, such as scan coverage, file formats, post-processing, and revision cycles. Comparing deliverables, not just quotes, can reveal which service offers better long-term value. A slightly higher upfront cost may be worthwhile if it includes comprehensive data preparation and integration support, ultimately reducing your internal workload. A transparent provider will offer a detailed quote and clearly explain what’s included, helping you avoid surprises and ensuring the service aligns with your financial expectations.

Read Article: How Much Does 3D Laser Scanning Cost?

‍

What are the Use Cases for 3D Laser Scanning in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facility Management?

Architectural Use Cases for 3D Laser Scanning

As-Built Documentation

Architectural firms use 3D laser scanning to capture highly accurate as-built geometry to establish a reliable baseline for design. This information is critical for renovations, adaptive reuse, and heritage projects, especially when original drawings are outdated or missing. 3D laser scans provide millimeter-level detail, reducing the risk of errors and surprises during design and construction.

Design Validation

Architects can use 3D laser scan data to compare design models to actual site conditions to identify discrepancies early. This process helps architects and design teams avoid costly redesigns by ensuring that proposed layouts align with real-world conditions before construction begins.

Façade and Envelope Studies

The building’s façade and envelope can be thoroughly analyzed for its geometry, alignment, and material conditions. 3D laser scanning aids this process by capturing precise surface data that evaluates structural integrity, surface conditions, deformation, energy efficiency, window and door placement, ornamental details for restoration, and more. This detailed information helps to make informed design decisions, ensuring that exterior elements are properly evaluated and integrated into the architectural project plan.

Historic Preservation

3D laser scanning documents heritage structures in high-resolution point clouds for restoration, repair, and archival purposes. These scans serve as a permanent digital record for architects, enabling accurate reproduction of ornamental details and compliance with preservation standards.

‍

Engineering Use Cases for 3D Laser Scanning

Structural Analysis

Engineers use 3D laser scanning to measure deflection, settlement, and deformation in structural components such as beams, columns, and slabs over time. This technology enables early detection of structural movement and helps create a digital record that can be used to meet safety rules or investigate issues later. By comparing scans taken at different times, engineers can plan repairs before bigger problems happen.

MEP Coordination

Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems often compete for limited space within ceilings, shafts, and plant rooms. 3D laser scanning captures existing conditions with millimeter-level accuracy, allowing engineers to detect potential clashes and validate routing within CAD and BIM environments. This ensures efficient coordination and reduces the risk of installation conflicts.

Tolerance Verification

To ensure that steel, piping, and equipment installations meet fabrication tolerances, engineers rely on laser scanning to compare as-built conditions against design models or fabrication drawings. This verification process helps confirm that components fit as intended, minimizing costly adjustments in the field.

Load Path and Clearance Checks

Projects involving cranes, conveyors, or heavy equipment installations must confirm that load paths and clearances are sufficient. 3D laser scanning creates a detailed 3D environment where these paths can be simulated and validated, ensuring safe and efficient equipment placement.

‍

‍

Construction Use Cases for 3D Laser Scanning

Layout Verification

Before concrete is poured or structural steel is placed, even minor deviations in the positioning of anchor bolts, embeds, or sleeves can lead to significant alignment issues later in the project. 3D laser scanning provides millimeter-level accuracy to verify that these elements are correctly positioned relative to the design model. This proactive verification helps reduce the risk of costly rework and schedule delays.

Clash Detection

When integrating new design models with existing site conditions, hidden conflicts can disrupt progress and increase costs. 3D laser scanning captures the true geometry of the site, allowing project teams to overlay point clouds with BIM models and identify potential clashes early. This ensures that mechanical, electrical, plumbing, structural, and architectural elements fit together as intended during installation.

Prefabrication

For prefabricated assemblies such as pipe racks, ductwork, or façade panels, dimensional accuracy is critical. Laser scanning validates field dimensions and tolerances before fabrication begins, helping to ensure that prefabricated components will fit correctly upon delivery. This reduces waste, minimizes rework, and supports a more efficient installation process.

Progress Monitoring

By conducting frequent comparisons of point clouds to the 3D design model, project teams can verify the completeness of installations, detect deviations from the plan, and document work upon completion. This ongoing monitoring supports quality control and provides a reliable record of construction progress.

‍

‍

Facility Management Use Cases for 3D Laser Scanning

Digital Twin Creation

Creating a digital twin of your facility establishes a reliable baseline for ongoing operations, maintenance, and space planning. This digital representation enables real-time monitoring and seamless integration with building management systems, improving overall efficiency.

Asset Tagging and Inventory

Accurate asset tagging and inventory management are also key benefits of 3D laser scanning. The technology helps you track equipment locations, serial numbers, and metadata. You can then integrate this data into your Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS). This ensures precise asset tracking and helps reduce downtime during repairs or replacements.

Facility Layout

Laser scanning also supports facility layout and space utilization by validating room dimensions and occupancy levels. This data can be used to ensure compliance with regulations and optimize space allocation, contributing to more effective energy efficiency strategies.

Retrofits and Renovations

For facility renovations, having accurate as-built documentation allows facility managers to plan upgrades and retrofits without the need for intrusive surveys. This reduces project risk, minimizes disruption to building occupants, and streamlines the renovation process.

‍

‍

What Types of Equipment Can Be Used for 3D Laser Scanning?

Terrestrial Laser Scanners

Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) uses stationary, tripod-mounted 3D laser scanners. These scanners send out laser pulses to capture millions of accurate 3D points of objects, buildings, or sites. They are often used for the reality capture of building interiors, structural steel, façades, and other projects that require high accuracy. These systems typically achieve an accuracy of ±2–5 mm at ranges of 10–30 meters, which is why they’re commonly used in situations requiring exact measurements. Terrestrial 3D laser scanners include Leica Geosystems, FARO Focus series, and RIEGL VZ series, Trimble, and Topcon.

Mobile Mapping Systems

Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and SLAM-based systems fit into mobile platforms. These include handheld devices, backpacks, and vehicle-mounted scanners. Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and SLAM-based systems use special tools. These include a laser scanner (LiDAR sensor), an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and often a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). They gather real-time 3D point clouds. Then, they combine the scanner's position with the environment's structure to create maps. This approach is best suited for large interiors, complex layouts, and projects where speed is more important than sub-millimeter accuracy. Accuracy generally falls in the ±10–30 mm range, depending on control and loop closures. Mobile mapping systems include the NavVis VLX, FARO, Leica Geosystems, GeoSLAM, Trimble, Artec, and Riegl.

Aerial LiDAR

Aerial LiDAR is deployed via drones or aircrafts to capture terrain, roofs, and large outdoor areas efficiently. Aerial LiDAR is commonly used for site surveys and topographic mapping. Accuracy typically ranges from ±20–50 mm, influenced by altitude and GNSS quality. Examples of aerial LiDAR systems include the DJI L1 and RIEGL’s airborne platforms.

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry uses high-resolution overlapping photographs processed with specialized software to generate 3D models and point clouds. While it is generally less accurate than LiDAR, offering ±20–50 mm accuracy, it is cost-effective and ideal for capturing interior layouts and floor plans where ultra-high precision is not required. Photogrammetry is often combined with drone platforms for rapid coverage and can be enhanced with survey control points to improve accuracy. Brands offering stationary LiDAR photogrammetry are Leica Geosystems, FARO, RIEGL, Artec 3D, and Matterport.

If you need the highest accuracy for prefabrication or clash detection, terrestrial laser scanning with survey control is the best choice. But if speed and coverage across large interiors matters more, mobile laser scanning can deliver better efficiency, provided everyone understands its accuracy limits and follows proper quality checks. For expansive sites, aerial LiDAR offers rapid data capture over large or inaccessible areas.

Read more about the equipment used for 3D laser scanning.

‍

Why Do Architects, Engineers, General Contractors, and Facility Managers Choose 3D Laser Scanning?

AEC companies choose 3D scanning for its unmatched precision, speed, and versatility, which leads to significant cost savings and more efficient workflows across a range of applications. The technology digitizes physical objects into highly accurate point clouds, CAD drawings, and 3D models, enabling companies to reduce errors and accelerate project lifecycles.

General contractors often turn to 3D scanning to keep projects on schedule and minimize disruption. Mobile scanning systems can capture large areas quickly, even during off-hours, while high-precision tripod-based scanning is reserved for tasks that demand tight tolerances, like verifying embeds or prefabricated components.

Engineers value 3D laser scanning for its accuracy and traceability, using it to confirm structural alignment, check flatness, and generate reliable data for analysis.

Architects rely on 3D laser scanning to document existing conditions and ensure their models reflect reality, which helps to avoid design conflicts later.

For facility managers, 3D laser scanning creates a detailed digital record of the building, supports asset tracking, and provides a foundation for digital twins, making future maintenance and renovations far easier.

Each role uses scanning to reduce risk, improve coordination, and make better decisions with confidence.

‍

‍

How Can GPRS 3D Laser Scanning Services Help You?

The key to maximizing the value of 3D laser scanning lies in aligning the scanning approach with the specific use case.

You can trust the GPRS team to provide the best experience in laser scanning by walking you through the entire 3D laser scanning process from pre-planning to project completion.

We offer a consultative approach to project management, working with you to ensure our data, maps, and models are the perfect solution for your project. The data delivered is accurate within millimeters, and the maps and models provide complete as-built and location data.

GPRS serves a wide variety of industries, including architecture, engineering, design, construction, oil & gas, facility management, historical preservation, stadium & theater, education, healthcare, water & wastewater, energy & utilities, and multimedia & entertainment industries.

Our elite team of Project Managers must complete an extensive training program before they perform field services on your job site. The program includes 80 hours in the classroom, more than 320 hours of field mentorship, and 40 hours of specialized LiDAR training. This ensures mastery of top Leica equipment and techniques. Project Managers gain practical experience at a dedicated training facility in Ohio and learn the full scope of the 3D laser scanning process, from project planning to final data delivery.  

At GPRS, we ensure you have all the information you need to get the job done right, delivering accurate as built data to expedite project planning and reduce change orders, delays, and costs.

What can we help you visualize?

‍

Reality capture is a powerful tool used across the construction, architecture, and engineering industries. At GPRS, we hear from clients who want to gain a deeper understanding of the technology, its applications, and how it fits into their projects. That’s why we’ve compiled answers to the most commonly asked questions about 3D laser scanning, LiDAR, BIM, digital twins, and more. Whether you’re a beginner or want to expand its use, you'll find explanations to make informed decisions.

‍

WHAT IS LIDAR?

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing tool that builds accurate 3D models of objects and surfaces. Instead of using radio waves like radar, LiDAR sends out laser pulses from a scanner. These light pulses bounce off objects, and the system measures how long they take to return. This helps calculate exact distances and shapes. It creates detailed three-dimensional data about an object.

‍

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIDAR (TIME-OF-FLIGHT) AND PHASE-BASED SCANNING?

LiDAR systems operate using the time-of-flight method. This approach involves emitting short laser pulses toward a beam, then measuring the time it takes for the reflected signal to return. Using the known speed of light, we calculate the distance to the object as:

Distance = (Speed of Light × Time of Flight) / 2.

Time-of-flight LiDAR works well for long-range measurements. But it generally gathers data at a slower rate than phase-based systems.

Phase-based laser scanners work by sending out a steady laser beam modulated in many phases. The system measures distance by looking at the phase difference between emitted and reflected signals. It uses this formula:

Distance = Phase Shift / (2π × Modulation Frequency).

This method allows for faster data capture but has a limited range compared to time-of-flight systems. Phase-based scanning tends to have more “noise” or false data compared to time-of-flight scanners.

‍

WHAT IS 3D LASER SCANNING?

3D laser scanning uses LiDAR to measure precise distances and locations. It creates a point cloud file, which is a digital map made of millions of points. This helps you get accurate measurements and images of buildings in a short period of time. 3D laser scanning is a modern tool to document existing conditions. This supports your work in design, construction, prefabrication, facility changes, and asset management.

‍

WHAT IS REALITY CAPTURE, EXACTLY?

Reality capture utilizes tools like 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry. These tools create a precise digital record of existing conditions.

‍

HOW DOES GPRS CONDUCT REALITY CAPTURE SERVICES?

GPRS captures millions of precise data points at any site to document existing conditions in detail. We process this data into point clouds. Then, it transforms into 2D CAD drawings or 3D BIM models, depending on the client’s needs. This enables accurate planning and easy coordination across all disciplines.

‍

WHAT IS A BIM OR A 3D BIM MODEL?

A Building Information Model (BIM) is a digital representation of a facility’s physical and functional characteristics.

‍

WHAT IS A DIGITAL TWIN?

A digital twin is a complex virtual model. It serves as the exact twin (counterpart) of a physical object. GPRS uses 3D laser scanners to collect real-time data, which helps create a digital twin of a building or facility. You can easily visualize, measure, and analyze data. Digital twins can also be used to improve efficiencies, optimize workflows, and detect problems before they occur.

‍

ARE REALITY CAPTURE AND A DIGITAL TWIN THE SAME THING?

Reality capture is the process of collecting spatial data from the physical world. A digital twin is a dynamic, data-rich virtual model of a physical asset. It integrates real-time information and analytics.

Reality capture provides the geometric foundation for building a digital twin. GPRS delivers both, tailored to your project’s needs.

‍

WHAT IS AS-BUILT DOCUMENTATION?

As-built 3D documentation is a clear and accurate set of drawings that show how a project was actually built.

‍

‍

HOW ACCURATE IS GPRS REALITY CAPTURE?

GPRS delivers construction-grade precision through high-resolution LiDAR scanning. This is in combination with survey-grade control and registration techniques. Accuracy depends on site conditions and equipment. Our usual tolerances are between 2 and 6 millimeters. This accuracy is more than sufficient for clash detection, prefabrication, and as-built documentation.

‍

WHAT IS 3D PHOTOGRAMMETRY?

3D photogrammetry reconstructs three-dimensional models by analyzing overlapping photographs captured from various angles. Using computer vision algorithms, it triangulates spatial coordinates. This is also known as orthomosaic imaging and registration. It helps to generate 3D meshes, point clouds, or virtual walkthroughs for visualization and measurement.

‍

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE LEARNING IN RELATION TO LASER SCANNING?

If you use laser scanning in your workflow, CAD technicians will turn your point cloud data into useful drawings or models. Many software tools help by automatically sorting and cleaning the data. In this field, that process is often called “artificial intelligence” or “machine learning.” AI’s software makes decisions or classifications that are usually done by humans. Machine learning is when software improves at tasks by practicing. It relies on human input and training.

‍

CAN YOU USE WORKSETS?

Yes, we can use worksets and attach different components based on what the client prefers. According to Autodesk, “a workset is a collection of elements in a workshared project.’

‍

CAN YOU TIE THE POINT CLOUD DATA TO LAND SURVEY CONTROL?

GPRS does not perform land surveys or Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) surveys. However, we support your survey team by providing high-quality SUE Level B mapping and utility locating services. When we use LiDAR-based 3D laser scanning, you can expect accuracy between 2 and 6 millimeters. If you provide proper documentation, including the location and coordinates (x, y, z) of control points, we can attach point cloud data to survey control.

‍

DO WE NEED TO PLACE TARGETS DURING 3D LASER SCANNING?

Targets – black and white markers placed on tripods, are sometimes used to help align scan data. We place these at known control points and scan them to help the software match and correct the data. GPRS mainly uses scanners that don’t need targets. But we do use them in certain cases:

• Survey Control: When linking scans to client-provided survey data.
• Multiple Scanners: When combining data from different scanners, targets help align multiple datasets.

Targets align scan data with control points or global coordinates. They also help ensure the precise registration of data from multiple 3D laser scanners.

‍

CAN YOU USE MY REVIT TEMPLATE AND FAMILIES?

Before the GPRS Reality Capture Team issues a project proposal, our consultative sales team will confirm whether your deliverables need to be developed within a specific Revit template. The GPRS Mapping & Modeling Team can work within client-provided templates. This ensures that your project can proceed immediately upon delivery of the 3D BIM model. Make sure we receive your Revit template before modeling begins.

‍

CAN YOU DETECT IF MY FLOOR IS UNEVEN?

Floor deformation mapping is a service we provide to determine the levelness of the floor using a “topographic-like" 2D CAD file. The 2D CAD file is then merged within the Revit model.

‍

‍

‍

CAN YOU MODEL THE SIDEWALKS AND THE SITE?

Modeling sites is possible if it is within the scope of work. This can include components like sidewalks, ramps, stairs, and parking lots. It’s best to discuss these in the early project phase to include them in the scope of work. Sometimes a client may only want to model just the sidewalk. Or sometimes the client wants the sidewalk and parking areas to be modeled. We can model a site, but the word "site" is too broad. We will need to get specific about what the client wants modeled.

‍

CAN YOU EXPORT A REVIT FILE TO MY PREFERRED FORMAT?

All GPRS’s modeling takes place within Revit. We can export our models into various formats like DWG, DXF, DGN, SAT, PLN, OBJ, and PDF. These are all file types supported by Revit.

‍

CAN I SHARE PROJECT FILES WITH MY TEAM?

Upon delivery by the GPRS Mapping & Modeling Team, the model belongs to the client. They have rights to share or distribute it as they wish.

‍

IS THERE A SOFTWARE THAT DOES ALL THE MODELING FOR YOU?

At present, no software exists that can provide models with complete accuracy. The GPRS Mapping & Modeling Team models each wall, floor, door, and window with precision.

‍

CONSIDERING PURCHASING A LIDAR SYSTEM?

When buying a laser scanner, the cost isn’t just the price of the machine. You also need to pay for qualified personnel, special software, training programs, scanner calibration, and even legal fees. Before you buy, make sure you understand the real cost of owning a scanner. Often, hiring a qualified professional can save you money and ensure the job is done right.

‍

WHAT IS THE COST OF LASER SCANNING VS. THE COST OF TRADITIONAL MEANS TO “AS-BUILT” ON A SITE?

Weighing the benefits of laser scanning versus using traditional means to “as-built” a site:

• Safer – No need for lifts, harnesses, or other high-risk equipment
• Faster – The process requires fewer people and allows scanning of a larger area in less time
• Lower Costs – Reduces extra site visits for missed measurements
• Saves Time – You focus on what you do best, while scanning happens on-site
• Cost Savings – Cuts travel expenses, lift rentals, and errors from manual measurements
• Streamlines Workflow – Deliverables are ready for immediate use, speeding up your project start

‍

WHAT ARE YOUR NAICS CODES, SIC CODES, CSI CODES, PSC, AND FSC CODES?

GPRS Reality Capture Services fall into the following categories:

‍

NAICS Codes:

• 541370 Surveying and Mapping
• 541330 Engineering Services
• 541340 Drafting Services
• 541690 Other Scientific and Technical Consulting Services

‍

SIC Codes:

• ‍‍87130000 Surveying Service

‍

CSI Codes:

• ‍‍2073 3D Laser Scanning and Dimensional Survey

‍

PSC and FSC Codes:‍

• C217 Mapping
• C218 Architectural and Engineering Services
• 1550 Drones
• 6675 Drafting, Surveying, and Mapping Instruments
• R425 Engineering and Technical Services
• R617 Data Collection Services

‍

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A “DESIGN INTENT” AND “AS-BUILT MODEL?”

• DESIGN INTENT – these models align with standard design practices. A few examples include walls positioned at 90° to floors, straight pipes and conduits, and level floors and ceilings. This approach produces cleaner 2D drawings and simplifies dimensioning. It does not exactly follow the scan data, but is ideal for most clients who need standard deliverables.
• AS-BUILTS – deliverables will match actual site conditions with a high degree of accuracy. This creates a true reality-capture representation. If walls lean, pipes sag, floors slope, or steel shows camber, these issues will show up in the model. Dimensioning can also be more challenging because elements are not perfectly level or plumb. Leverage this option when the exact conditions of the scan area are critical. Clients utilizing the data for fabrication, forensic analysis, bolt hole patterns, camber/sag/deformation analysis, and similar needs would need this option.

‍

WHAT CAD AND BIM SOFTWARE DOES GPRS USE?

Our engineers and CAD technicians are trained in the following software:

• Autodesk Recap
• Autodesk Revit
• Autodesk 3DS Max
• Autodesk Navisworks
• Autodesk AutoCADCivil 3D
• Autodesk AutoCAD Map 3D
• Autodesk BIM 360
• Autodesk A360
• Autodesk Recap
• AutoCAD
• ArchiCAD
• Bentley MicroStation
• Bentley Descrates V8i
• ClearEdge 3D Edgewise
• Leica Cyclone
• FARO As-Built
• FARO Scene
• Scene 2go
• Scene Webshare
• AVEVA LFM
• Cintoo
• CloudCompare
• Unreal Engine
• FileZilla
• ShareFile
• Dropbox
• Register 360
• JetStream Viewer
• TruView

‍

WHAT IF MY PROJECT IS LIMITED WITHIN THE PHYSICAL SETTING?

Certain projects need specialized scanning approaches due to physical constraints. These limits often arise from obstructed lines of sight or the need to scan from secure, ground-level spots. Laser scanning has a clear advantage. It’s a non-contact method, so it captures data from a safe distance. This way, it doesn’t disturb sensitive areas.

Examples include above-ceiling mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems in healthcare facilities. Here, keeping negative airflow is crucial.

Another example is interstitial spaces that are packed tightly and hard to reach. In these cases, laser scanning reliably provides accurate spatial data and minimizes disruption.

‍

WHAT IS SLAM?

SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) is a computational method used to navigate and digitally reconstruct a physical environment. Its core function is to determine the scanner’s position relative to its surroundings (localization). It also concurrently generates a spatial map of the area (mapping).

‍

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF 3D LASER SCANNING?

• Millions of real-world data points – A single laser captures up to one million 3D data points every second. This allows for detailed and thorough documentation of physical environments.
• Eliminate error – Manual tools like tape measures or handheld devices can lead to human error. Laser scanning provides sub-centimeter accuracy. This makes it the most reliable way to capture dimensional data.
• Answers unanticipated questions – Laser scanning gathers extensive spatial data in one site visit. This lowers the chances of missing measurements. It also cuts out extra trips to collect more data.
• Reduce change orders and waste – Using laser scan data in design ensures accurate spatial coordination. This minimizes construction conflicts, cuts change orders, and reduces unnecessary material use.
• Minimize shutdown times – Laser scanning is quick, safe, and non-intrusive. It eliminates and minimizes operational shutdowns and client inconvenience.
• Increase safety – The scanning is quick and non-invasive. It can occur without disrupting ongoing operations. Thus, scanning minimizes downtime and client inconvenience.

‍

IS 3D LASER SCANNING RIGHT FOR MY PROJECT?

Almost any project that needs as-built information benefits from 3D laser scanning. Talk with our experts and begin your existing conditions survey today.

‍

WHAT INDUSTRIES DOES GPRS SERVE?

GPRS provides reliable 3D laser scanning and modeling services. We service hundreds of clients across various industries. Our team focuses on accuracy, professionalism, and strong client service. We collaborate with each client to deliver detailed point clouds, 2D CAD drawings, and 3D BIM models.

Our scanning services are designed to support a wide range of industries, offering clear and accurate digital models that help you plan, build, and manage better. We offer 3D laser scanning services to the following industries:

• Agricultural Facilities
• Architectural Documentation
• Concrete Construction
• Construction
• Clash Detection
• Design Build
• Energy & Utilities
• Engineering
• Government, Defense & Military Sector
• Healthcare & Pharmaceutical
• Historical Documentation & Preservation
• HVAC & MEP Coordination
• Industrial, Manufacturing, Assembly & Distribution Facilities
• Mixed Reality & 3D Projection Mapping
• Office & Commercial Buildings
• Overhead Clearances
• Oil & Gas Facilities
• Power Plants & Process Plants
• Real Estate
• Stadiums, Arenas & Theatres
• Telecommunications
• Schools & Universities
• Subsurface Utility Engineering
• Virtual Design and Construction
• Water & Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Accident Reconstruction
• 3D Video Gaming & Software Development

‍

IS GPRS AN EXPERIENCED COMPANY?

GPRS is a highly experienced provider of 3D laser scanning services. We have completed scanning and modeling projects across many industries. Our teams can deploy quickly to any location in the United States. GPRS has worked with some of the top leading firms to scan industrial plants, oil and gas sites, historic buildings, stadiums, hospitals, universities, municipal facilities, wastewater treatment plants, new construction projects, and more.

We are a licensed engineering firm that focuses entirely on 3D laser scanning. GPRS uses in-house technicians and engineers to provide a detailed review of site conditions. Then they create customized deliverables such as point clouds, 2D CAD drawings, and 3D BIM models tailored to the client’s needs.

‍

WHAT DELIVERABLES CAN GPRS PROVIDE?

We can deliver 3D laser scan data in many formats, including:

• Point Cloud Data (Raw Data)
• 2D CAD Drawings
• 3D Non-Intelligent Models
• 3D BIM Models
• TruView (previously known as JetStream) Viewer

‍

CUSTOMIZABLE DELIVERABLES UPON REQUEST

• Aerial Photogrammetry
• Comparative Analysis
• Deformation Analysis
• Digital Drawings of GPR Markings
• Floor Flatness Analysis/Contour Mapping
• New Construction Accuracy Analysis/Comparative Analysis
• Point Cloud Modeling Training Webinars
• Reconciliation of Clients 2D Design Drawings
• Reconciliation of Clients 3D Design Model
• Structural Steel Shape Probability Analysis
• Template Modeling
• Volume Calculations
• Wall Plumb Analysis

‍

IS NATIONWIDE SERVICE AVAILABLE?

GPRS serves a diverse client base, ranging from small firms to multinational corporations. GPRS is ready to mobilize to any site in the United States, typically within the lead time of 24-48 hours. Additionally, we can be on-site, short-term or long-term, based on our clients' specifications.

‍

WHAT IS HIGH-DEFINITION SCANNING?

GPRS uses construction-grade 3D laser scanners. These tools collect accurate data in many environments, including buildings, hospitals, schools, and industrial sites. This technology works well on structures of any size or surface feature. We can quickly scan large areas and deliver detailed 3D models. These scans help document current conditions. They also aid in planning renovations and checking construction progress to match the design.

‍

WHY IS A POINT CLOUD IMPORTANT?

Point clouds are a key source of spatial data for many projects. They store millions of coordinates. Users can extract large datasets for information.

‍

HOW LONG DOES 3D LASER SCANNING TAKE?

GPRS has Project Managers across the country, allowing us to respond quickly with detailed quotes. Most jobs can be scanned in just a few hours, while larger sites may take a few days. Scanning entire facilities or campuses can take weeks. Yet, most projects are complete in hours or days.

‍

HOW IS 3D LASER SCAN DATA REGISTERED?

The registration process is a collaborative effort. Registering a 3D laser scan point cloud involves aligning multiple scans of the same area taken from different positions into a single, coherent point cloud. This typically involves using specialized software like Autodesk Recap to import the data and align the scans. The Mapping & Modeling Team uses the software to spot overlapping areas in different scans. It captures the same physical features from slightly different angles. This helps the software identify corresponding points.

Unwanted “noise” can be cleaned or deleted from the point cloud. Autodesk Recap software can remove unwanted data or noise. This includes reflections, moving objects, and background clutter. As a result, it creates a clean point cloud that shows the target project area. Proper registration makes sure 3D laser scan measurements are accurate. This data can be exported for use in CAD or BIM software like Revit or AutoCAD.

‍

HOW IS 3D LASER SCAN DATA PROCESSED?

Once a site is scanned, we process the raw point cloud data by combining individual scans. We remove unwanted noise and convert the data into usable formats like 2D drawings or 3D models. The level of detail depends on the project’s needs, ranging from basic visuals to complex models. GPRS follows a structured workflow focused on accuracy, teamwork, and planning. We ensure efficient project execution. Our deliverables are high-quality and tailored to each client's needs.

‍

WHY WORK WITH GPRS?

Many of our clients are new to laser scanning, so we guide them through every step, from pre-planning to final deliverables. This hands-on support is one reason we’ve earned the trust of top companies and institutions across the country.

We understand you have choices: buying or renting equipment, or hiring another provider. But GPRS offers key advantages that set us apart:

• Cutting-edge technology – GPRS utilizes the most up-to-date technology, equipment, and software.
• Industry trends – Laser scanning is a fast-changing field. Since it’s our main focus, we stay current with new methods and tools, so you don’t have to.
• Training – GPRS technicians receive formal training from the scanner manufacturer. They also get thorough coaching from a seasoned in-house technician. Furthermore, because our team of professionals is committed entirely to scanning and processing the data, we have developed the steps to work quickly, accurately, and knowledgeably.
• Expertise – Our GPRS team brings combined expertise to every project in multiple disciplines, including engineering, architecture, information technology, and construction. This knowledge combination helps us give our clients excellent service and top-quality deliverables.
• Professional support – While our field team handles scanning, our office team is ready to answer questions and help when needed.
• Client-focused approach – We listen carefully to your goals and often suggest ideas to add value to our service.

‍

GPRS 3D REALITY CAPTURE SERVICES

GPRS is a leading 3D laser scanning company in the United States, helping clients to successfully complete their most complex architecture, engineering, and construction projects. We've been providing reality capture services and excellent customer service for over two decades.

GPRS’s elite team of Project Managers efficiently 3D laser scans the exterior and interior of each site with professional-grade laser scanners, capturing the exact layout, dimensions, and locations of your specific project requirements. This includes architectural, structural, and MEP features, walls, windows, doors, stairs, roof, railings, exposed columns, beams, equipment, piping, ducts, and more.

Our Mapping & Modeling Team registers and processes the point cloud, removing noise and setting the coordinate system to provide the most precise measurements. Data is then compiled into custom 2D CAD drawings and 3D BIM models and delivered via SiteMap^®. SiteMap is GPRS’ secure GIS platform that delivers point cloud data, 2D CAD drawings, and 3D BIM models, giving clients 24/7 access to verified as-built documentation to help start accurate and stay accurate.

‍

What can we help you visualize?

GPRS Reality Capture Services collected accurate, actionable data to expedite upgrades to a nearly 100-year-old hydroelectric dam.

Project Manager Dean Sturt was called out to the dam to conduct 3D laser scans of its two powerhouses, in preparation for upcoming renovations.

Situated at the foot of the dam, the powerhouses are each multi-story buildings densely packed with complex mechanical and electrical systems. There were no existing, accurate plans of the buildings. The project team needed to know exactly where every pipe, transformer and structural element was inside each of the powerhouses to effectively plan upgrades to the facility.

Accurate, real-time as-built data is essential for informed decision-making and seamless collaboration. With precise design plans from the start, architects, contractors, engineers, and facilities managers can streamline fieldwork and minimize change orders, plus avoid delays and extra costs.

GPRS 3D Laser Scanning Services provide clients with precise as-built documentation of buildings and infrastructure using advanced Leica laser scanners, delivering point clouds, 2D CAD drawings, and 3D BIM models to streamline project planning and construction.

GPRS Project Managers begin every project by speaking with on-site personnel and conducting a site walk to understand the unique elements of the project they’re about to begin. Sturt spent three hours walking the dam with its operations team.

“We walked it top-to-bottom, the whole facility, just so that I could mentally game plan where to start, how many floors there were, etc.,” he said. “They didn’t have any plans of the facility to start from, so it wasn’t like going into it I already had a base to go off. So, I walked it with those guys, asked a lot of questions.”

Over the next several days, Sturt scanned every inch of the two powerhouses and surrounding structure, capturing the accurate data necessary to create the as-built documents the client required.

“It was a little daunting at first, just those dense areas, a lot going on in kind of a small space,” he said. “But as you start going through it, it made a lot more sense.”

The point cloud data generated from Sturt’s scans was turned over to GPRS’ in-house Mapping & Modeling Team, where it was used to build a 3D model, virtual walkthrough, and 2D floor plans of the dam’s power infrastructure.

Our Mapping & Modeling Team can create anything from a simple GPS-enables locating map of your utility locate, to highly detailed 2D CAD drawings and 3D BIM models, depending on your needs.

“[The customer] wanted a full 3D model of both powerhouses, so the additional topography and the rest of the dam [shown in the deliverables] is pretty much just for reference,” explained GPRS Senior Modeling Technician Nate Nowels. “We were responsible for modeling all the equipment structural components, and all the architectural features… It was structural beams, columns, trusses, all the architectural elements, and then into the mechanical systems. So, ducts, the footprints of actual equipment, we got pipes and all that kind of stuff, valves, actuators, everything… All the mechanical items were captures.”

Nowels said that modeling the complex mechanical systems inside the powerhouses did present its own unique set of challenges.

“There were pieces of equipment that ran through multiple floors,” he explained. “With a lot of factories, you’ll have some equipment that runs from, say, level one to level two. But in powerhouse two, for example, there’s a turbine that runs all the way down into the water and then up through multiple layers. It’s a very unique object to model; it has lots of mechanical piping going in and out of it.

“It’s multiple levels of a piece of equipment running through multiple floors…,” Nowels continued. “You wouldn’t want your entry level engineer or designer on it. You need to have extensive knowledge of the [modeling] software, for sure.”

The data provided to the client by GPRS will allow them to accurately and efficiently plan their upgrades to the hydroelectric dam.

“They have nice existing condition documentation of [this equipment on] the day that we scanned it,” Nowels said. “And they’re able to tie into all the mechanical systems, HVAC systems, and add on however they need to add on.”

GPRS turns your built world into easily accessible and accurate data.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

How is 3D laser scan data registered?

The registration process is a collaborative effort. Registering a 3D laser scan point cloud involves aligning multiple scans of the same area taken from different positions into a single, coherent point cloud. This typically involves using specialized software like Autodesk Recap to import the data and align the scans. The Mapping & Modeling Team uses the software to find overlapping areas between different scans where the same physical features are captured from slightly different angles, allowing the software to identify corresponding points.

Silbaugh says unwanted “noise” can be cleaned or deleted from the point cloud. Autodesk Recap software can isolate and delete extraneous data or noise, such as reflections, moving objects, or background clutter, leaving behind a refined point cloud representing the desired project area. Proper registration ensures that measurements taken from the 3D laser scans are accurate and the data can be exported for use in CAD or BIM applications like Revit or AutoCAD.

How long does laser scanning take?

With Project Managers all over the U.S., we work quickly to provide detailed quotes for clients. For most jobs, large areas can be laser scanned in as little as a couple of hours or larger sites in as little as a few days. Entire facilities or campuses can take several weeks to capture the entire site, but most projects are measured in hours or days.

Data center activity continues to fuel construction planning growth, according to a recent report released by the Dodge Construction Network.

The Dodge Momentum Index (DMI), a monthly measure of the value of nonresidential building projects entering the planning stage, grew 20.8% in July to 280.4 from the upwardly revised June reading of 232.1. Over the month, commercial planning grew 14.2% while institutional planning expanded 35.1%. Year-to-date, the DMI is up 27% from the average reading over the same period in 2024.

“Planning data skyrocketed in the month of July on the back of several large projects entering the planning queue for data centers, research & development labs, hospitals and service stations,” stated Sarah Martin, associate director of forecasting at Dodge Construction Network. “Combined with more organic momentum in planning for hotels, warehouses, and recreational projects, cumulative activity drove record highs in the DMI. After months of wait-and-see due to tariff uncertainty, owners and developers have begun to move forward with projects and assumed higher costs for them. As economic and fiscal uncertainty remains prevalent, volatility in planning activity will remain elevated.”  

In July, all commercial sectors grew. Data centers and warehouses led this increase. MassDOT also committed over $700 million in planning for several service plaza construction projects across the state.

Most of the month’s growth came from the institutional sector. Planning activity jumped in education, healthcare, and public projects. Notably, the Hospital Corporation of America announced a series of hospital developments, contributing to a sharp increase in institutional planning.

Overall, the DMI rose 41% compared to July 2024. Commercial planning increased by 24% year-over-year, while institutional planning jumped 85%. Commercial planning saw a 26% increase from 2023 to 2025, even without including data center projects. This growth was mainly fueled by warehouse development.

In total, 47 projects valued at $100 million or more entered the planning phase in July.

Some of the biggest commercial projects include:

• The $500 million Fairview Connections Data Center in New Cumberland, Pennsylvania
• The $500 million Jabil AI Data Center in Salisbury, North Carolina
• The $460 million Peabody Union Hotel in Nashville, Tennesse

On the institutional side, major projects included:

• The $459 million ASM Campus R&D lab and office in Scottsdale, Arizona
• A $398 million R&D lab in San Diego, California
• The $380 million PPV Unaccompanied Housing/Navy Dormitory in Norfolk, Virginia

Why are Data Center Projects Booming?

As our world becomes increasingly connected, the demand for data centers is expected to grow significantly. To keep up with construction trends long-term, we must focus on sustainability. This means looking at energy use and the materials needed for building these facilities.

A data center is a central hub for computing and storing data. It supports shared applications and digital services. Smaller organizations may set up these operations in a room within their building. Larger companies, however, often have multiple standalone centers to handle their large data processing and storage needs.

The recent surge in data center construction across the U.S. can be largely traced back to the COVID-19 pandemic. As most Americans stayed home, online shopping soared. Companies like Amazon and Walmart quickly boosted their data infrastructure to handle the rising demand.

This growth remained robust post-pandemic and has continued despite ongoing concerns over the impact of tariffs. There are currently over 5,400 data centers operating in the U.S. – by far the most data centers operating in a single country in the world.

America's growing fleet of data centers needs a lot of power. This demand is putting more strain on our aging electrical grid.

The American Society of Civil Engineers gave America’s energy infrastructure a D+ in its 2025 Report Card on America’s Infrastructure.

ASCE said that electric vehicles (EVs) and data centers will need 35 gigawatts (GW) of electricity by 2030. This is a jump from 17 GW in 2022.

“This rapid acceleration, compounded by federal and state net-zero greenhouse gas emissions goals, means utilities will need to double existing transmission capacity to connect new renewable generation sources,” the report states. “Transmission investments have risen by $5 billion from 2017 to 2022, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) are supporting renewable technologies and grid hardening measures.”

GPRS delivers a comprehensive array of solutions for subsurface damage prevention, existing condition documentation, and management of construction and facility projects, ensuring that initiatives like data center builds remain on schedule, within budget, and safe.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

What is 3D Photogrammetry?

3D photogrammetry is a technique that uses overlapping photographs taken from multiple angles to reconstruct three-dimensional models. It relies on computer vision algorithms to triangulate spatial coordinates (also known as orthomosaic imaging and registration), to produce textured 3D meshes, walkthrough virtual tours or point clouds for visualization and measurement. GPRS can integrate subsurface feature markings via photogrammetry and integrate them into a full above and below-ground CAD drawing or BIM model, as required.

What are the benefits of utility locating?

Utility locating is a critical step in construction planning that helps prevent costly damage to underground infrastructure, enhances worker safety by avoiding hazardous utility strikes, and ensures compliance with regulatory standards. By accurately identifying the location of buried utilities, GPRS enables project teams to reduce legal liabilities, minimize delays caused by unexpected obstructions, and maintain efficient workflows. A thorough utility locating process supports safer, smarter, and more cost-effective construction execution.

Should You Rent, Buy, or Hire a GPR Service?

If you're considering ground penetrating radar (GPR) for your next project, you are likely to have questions about how it works, what it can detect, and whether it's better to rent, buy, or hire a service. This guide breaks down the key considerations, so you can make an informed decision that fits your project’s needs, timeline, and budget.

What is Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)?

GPR is a safe, non-destructive technology that uses radar pulses to detect and map subsurface features. It’s commonly used to locate underground utilities, scan concrete for embedded objects, and provide detailed imaging for a wide range of applications, from construction and engineering to telecommunications and facility management.

‍

What Can GPR Locate?

GPR can detect a wide variety of subsurface elements, including:

• Utilities: Gas, electric, telecom, and water lines, regardless of whether they are made of metal, PVC, or plastic, or what they carry.
• Concrete Features: Rebar, post-tension cables, conduits, and potential voids.
• Underground Structures: Tunnels, foundations, mines, and potential sinkholes.
• Infrastructure: Septic systems, drain fields, storage tanks, and more.

‍

‍

What are the Benefits of Using GPR Technology?

Using GPR technology for utility locating and concrete scanning before construction or excavation has several key benefits:

• Reliable underground data for better planning and design
• Reduced risk of damaging critical utilities
• Enhanced safety by identifying hidden hazards
• Improved job site coordination and efficiency
• Fewer delays from unexpected findings
• Minimized service disruptions
• Compliance with safety and regulatory standards

‍

How Does GPR Work?

Ground penetrating radar works by sending radar signals into a surface, such as soil, concrete, or asphalt. When these signals encounter an object like a pipe, conduit, or rebar, they reflect back to the surface. A trained technician interprets these reflections to determine what’s below and where it’s located. GPR is a fast, safe, and highly accurate method for detecting subsurface features without the need for digging or drilling. Read Ground Penetrating Radar, Explained.

‍

How Accurate is GPR?

GPR achieves a high level of accuracy, though results can vary depending on the type of material and the conditions of the ground.

At GPRS, we follow strict standards to ensure reliable results in any environment. When scanning concrete, our equipment typically achieves accuracy within ±¼ inch to the center of an object and ±½ inch to its depth. For utility locating, accuracy is generally within ±6 inches to the center and ±10% of the depth. Concrete antennas provide higher resolution for detailed imaging but have limited depth range, while utility antennas scan deeper with slightly lower resolution. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each system helps ensure the right tool is chosen for your project.

‍

How Fast is GPR Data Collected?

GPR data collection is quick, often just a few minutes for small areas. For example, scanning a concrete slab or room may take 5–15 minutes. Larger areas like performing utility locating services for parking lots or construction sites may take a few hours, depending on size and complexity. Speed is influenced by several factors, including the surface type (soil, concrete, asphalt), the level of detail required, and any obstructions or access limitations.

‍

‍

How Do Clients Receive GPR Data After it's Marked on the Ground?

Once GPR locations are marked on the surface, typically using color-coded paint, flags, or chalk for quick visual reference, the data is shared with clients through a combination of field markings, detailed reports, and digital deliverables. Technicians provide a summary of findings that include descriptions of detected features, estimated depths, and supporting site photos. What Do the Utility Marking Colors Mean?

GPR data can be delivered in various digital formats, including PDF utility maps for clear documentation, KMZ files with geolocated points marking specific subsurface features, and SHP files for detailed utility mapping compatible with GIS software.

To create a permanent digital record of surface markings for design and planning, 3D laser scanning or photogrammetry may be used. Data is often provided in BIM, CAD, or GIS formats such as RVT, DWG, DXF, DGN, and more.

GPRS also offers SiteMap®, a cloud-based platform where clients can easily view, download, and manage their subsurface data.

‍

‍

What Does it Cost to Rent a Ground Penetrating Radar Unit?

Based on actual KWIPPED Marketplace supplier quotes, ground penetrating radar rental costs are:

Daily: $284

Weekly: $1,138

Monthly: $3,406

While renting may seem cost-effective for short-term use, it comes with challenges. GPR rental requires significant training and experience to operate effectively. Short rental periods may not allow enough time to become proficient, and interpreting the data without expertise can lead to errors. Environmental factors like wet clay, salt, or rough terrain can also impact results. Over time, frequent GPR rentals can become more expensive than purchasing equipment outright.

‍

When is it Better to Rent GPR Equipment?

Renting is best for short-term projects. It's not cost-effective to buy GPR equipment for just one use. It’s also useful if you already have trained staff and just need temporary access to the technology.

‍

What Does it Cost to Purchase a Ground Penetrating Radar Unit?

Based on actual KWIPPED Marketplace supplier quotes, the cost to buy a ground penetrating radar unit is:

Average purchase price: $19,228

Purchasing GPR equipment offers long-term advantages. It lets you control usage fully. You can customize it for your project's needs. Plus, it removes those recurring rental fees. While the initial investment is higher, ownership becomes more cost-effective for regular users. It also ensures faster deployment and steady availability. Plus, it boosts project efficiency with reliable, high-quality subsurface imaging.

‍

Who Should Consider Buying GPR Equipment?

Organizations that often perform subsurface investigations, such as construction firms, environmental consultants, or utility companies, can benefit from purchasing GPR equipment. It allows for flexible use, faster deployment, and long-term cost savings.

‍

What is the Downside to Buying GPR Equipment?

Buying GPR equipment requires a big upfront cost. Also, owning it means handling tasks like maintenance, software updates, storage, and training staff. It’s not ideal for occasional use or teams without GPR expertise.

‍

Why Hire a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Service?

Hiring a GPR service is a smart choice. You get expert subsurface imaging without the hassle of owning equipment. It’s efficient and cost-effective. Professional GPR service providers offer expert knowledge and the right tools. Their experience helps interpret data better, leading to more accurate and useful results. This is ideal for critical projects, or when a fast turnaround is essential. Outsourcing takes away the hassle of maintaining equipment, updating software, and ensuring safety compliance. This makes it a cost-effective and low-risk choice.

‍

What are the Benefits of Hiring a GPR Service?

• Expertise and Accuracy: Trained technicians assess the site, select the right equipment, and deliver precise data interpretation, reducing the risk of errors.
• Speed and Efficiency: GPR scans can be completed quickly, with real-time results and rapid post-processing, helping to keep projects on schedule.
• Access to Advanced Technology: Service providers often use the latest GPR systems, ensuring high-resolution imaging and reliable detection of subsurface features.
• Improved Safety: Accurate location of utilities, rebar, and other hidden hazards minimizes the risk of accidental strikes during excavation or drilling.
• Cost Savings: For short-term or infrequent needs, hiring a service is more economical than purchasing equipment, avoiding costs related to storage, maintenance, and training.

‍

‍

What Factors Should Influence My Decision to Rent, Buy, or Hire a GPR Service?

Think about your project's frequency, budget, timeline, staff skills, and how accurate you need it to be. If you need fast, reliable results without investing in training or equipment, hiring a GPR service is usually the best choice.

‍

What are Some Examples of Projects Where Hiring a GPR Service is the Best Option?

On a construction site, before excavation begins, GPR is used to locate underground utilities like gas lines, water pipes, and electrical conduits. It is best to hire a GPR service for expert interpretation and safety compliance, especially for one-time or high-risk projects.

When renovating an office building, GPR is an essential tool for scanning concrete slabs to locate rebar, post-tension cables, and conduits before coring or drilling. For the most accurate results and safety assurance, it's best to hire a professional concrete scanning service.

During Phase I or II environmental investigations, GPR is used to detect buried tanks, drums, or other anomalies. It is best to hire a service for accurate data collection and reporting, especially when regulatory compliance is required.

‍

Why Hire GPRS?

Every decision you make on a job site can cost time, money, and even lives. That’s why GPRS maintains a consistent 99.8%+ accuracy rate in GPR utility locating and concrete scanning & imaging. Because it’s our job to help you keep your jobs on time, on budget, and safe.

Our nationwide team of elite Project Managers aren’t just expert technicians – they are consultants who help you get what you need to do the job right, and safely. GPRS has completed over 500,000 utility locating and concrete scanning projects across the U.S.

Every GPRS Project Manager is trained in and follows our Subsurface Investigation Methodology (SIM), an industry-leading training program that ensures elite-level performance.

Our teams use multiple technologies to deliver the most accurate utility locating and mapping data available. Whenever possible, we include line depths in our locates and offer flexible data visualization options tailored to your needs.

All data is mapped directly on the site, plus can be mapped in CAD and 3D and uploaded into an interactive, facility management platform, SiteMap, providing accurate, real-world information collected directly from your jobsite.

Before any construction or excavation begins, knowing what lies beneath the surface is critical. GPRS helps you plan with confidence, avoid costly surprises, and keep your project on track.

If you’re looking for ground penetrating radar rental, ground penetrating radar rental near me, GPR rental, GPR rental near me, concrete scanner rental, rebar scanner rental, or concrete scanning service near me, perhaps hiring a GPR utility locating and concrete scanning & imaging service could be the best option for you. Reach out to GPRS for a free project quote today.

How can GPRS help you?

Cross slopes are key for the safety, function, and durability of roads, sidewalks, and paved surfaces. They help manage water runoff, enhance safety, and ensure structural integrity.

Let’s dive into what cross slopes are, why they matter, how they're designed, and the implications of getting them wrong.

What Is a Cross Slope?

A cross slope refers to the transverse gradient of a surface – i.e. the angle or tilt from one side of a pavement or roadway to the other. It is measured perpendicular to the direction of travel and is typically expressed as a percentage or ratio. For example, a cross slope of 2% means the surface drops 2 units vertically for every 100 units horizontally.

Cross slopes facilitate drainage, allowing water to flow off the surface rather than pooling. This is important for roads, where standing water can lead to hydroplaning, damage the pavement, and increase maintenance costs.

Why Cross Slopes Matter

The importance of cross slopes lies in their ability to manage surface water. Water is one of the most damaging elements to paved infrastructure. Without proper drainage, water can infiltrate pavement layers, weaken structural components, and accelerate wear and tear. Cross slopes help mitigate these risks by directing water toward gutters, drains, or adjacent terrain.

Beyond drainage, cross slopes also contribute to:

• Safety: Preventing water accumulation reduces the risk of skidding and hydroplaning for vehicles
• Accessibility: Well-designed cross slopes meet ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) standards. This makes sidewalks and ramps easier for people with disabilities to navigate.
• Durability: Cross slopes reduce water infiltration, which helps pavements last longer.

Typical Applications of Cross Slopes

Cross slopes are used in a variety of contexts, each with specific design considerations:

Roadways

In road design, engineers apply cross slopes to the travel lanes and shoulders. The slope typically ranges from 1.5% to 2.5%, depending on the type of road and expected traffic volume. Highways often have steeper slopes to drain water quickly. In contrast, urban streets use gentler gradients. This helps balance drainage needs with pedestrian comfort.

Sidewalks and Pedestrian Paths

Sidewalks need careful cross slope design to ensure both drainage and accessibility. The ADA sets a maximum cross slope of 2% for pedestrian paths. This rule helps wheelchair users and others with mobility challenges.

Parking Lots

In parking areas, cross slopes direct water toward collection points without creating discomfort for pedestrians or vehicles. The slope must be subtle enough to avoid uneven parking surfaces but steep enough to prevent pooling.

Ramps and Driveways

Ramps, especially those used for accessibility, must balance slope requirements for drainage with strict ADA guidelines. Excessive cross slopes can make navigation difficult or unsafe.

Designing Cross Slopes: Key Considerations

Designing an effective cross slope involves a blend of engineering principles, regulatory compliance, and practical judgment. Several factors influence the ideal slope:

Surface Material

Different paving materials have distinct reactions to water and wear. Asphalt is more flexible, so it can handle slight changes in slope. In contrast, concrete needs precise grading.

Climate and Rainfall

Regions with heavy rainfall demand steeper cross slopes to ensure rapid drainage. Arid areas may prioritize comfort and accessibility over aggressive water management.

Traffic Type and Volume

High-speed roads use steeper slopes to lower the risk of hydroplaning. Low-speed urban streets have gentler gradients to improve pedestrian safety.

Regulatory Standards

Designers must follow local and national standards. These include guidelines from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ADA. They outline acceptable slope ranges for various uses.

Measuring and Implementing Cross Slopes

Cross slopes are often measured using surveying tools or digital devices during design and construction. The slope is calculated using the formula:

During construction, achieving the correct slope requires precise grading and compaction. Contractors use laser levels, string lines, and automated machinery to ensure consistency across the surface.

Common Challenges and Mistakes

Despite its apparent simplicity, cross slope design can be fraught with challenges. Some common issues include:

Inadequate Slope

A slope that is too shallow may fail to effectively drain water, leading to puddling and long-term damage.

Excessive Slope

Overly steep slopes can create discomfort for drivers and pedestrians and may violate ADA standards.

Uneven Transitions

Bad transitions between slope areas, like from a sidewalk to a ramp, can cause tripping hazards and accessibility issues.

Settlement and Deformation

Pavement can settle or change shape over time due to traffic loads or unstable subgrades. These changes can alter the original slope and affect drainage.

Innovations and Technology in Cross Slope Design

Modern engineering offers various tools and technologies to enhance cross slope design and implementation:

• 3D Modeling and BIM (Building Information Modeling): Allows designers to visualize slope gradients in a digital environment prior to construction.
• Automated Grading Equipment: GPS-guided machinery ensures precise slope creation during paving.
• Smart Sensors: Embedded sensors can track slope integrity, alerting maintenance teams to changes or failures.

Cross Slopes and Sustainability

Sustainable infrastructure design increasingly considers the environmental impact of drainage systems.  

Cross slopes play a role in green infrastructure by directing water toward permeable surfaces, bioswales, or rain gardens. This reduces runoff into storm drains and promotes groundwater recharge.

In urban planning, integrating cross slopes with low-impact development (LID) strategies helps cities manage stormwater more effectively while enhancing aesthetics and ecological value.

GPRS offers construction-grade reality capture services to help you inspect ramps and cross slopes. Our laser scanners collect the accurate, actionable data that our in-house Mapping & Modeling Team needs to create floor plans, virtual walkthroughs, BIM models, and whatever other deliverables you need to get the job done right.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

How Long Does 3D Laser Scanning Take?

With Project Managers all over the U.S., GPRS works quickly to provide detailed quotes for clients. For most jobs, large areas can be laser scanned in as little as a couple of hours or larger sites in as little as a few days. Entire facilities or campuses can take several weeks to capture the entire site, but most projects are measured in hours or days.

What if My Project is Limited in the Physical Setting?

Some projects require special applications due to limitations within the physical setting. Often times this is due to line-of-sight issues and when a scan must be done safely from the ground or with precautionary distance. Some of these applications would include above-ceiling MEP features in hospitals where it is necessary to maintain negative airflow or interstitial spaces that are congested with limited access. Since laser scanning is a non-contact measurement tool (i.e. we can scan from a safe distance or location) this becomes a powerful tool for solving these complex challenges.

GPRS’ reality capture services helped ensure the safety and success of the installation of a large LED display at a professional basketball arena.

Daktronics tasked GPRS Project Manager Brian Nicholson with scanning an area of the concourse at the Spectrum Center, the home of the NBA’s Charlotte Hornets. Daktronics is a nationwide manufacturer of video displays and digital billboards. They were preparing to install a 220’ x 8’ curved LED screen in the arena’s concourse.

“They have this huge steel structure mounted to the ceiling and the columns,” Nicholson explained. “To install the new video board, they need to confirm that the steel structure meets the correct dimensions and that the curvature to it is correct.”

Without precise measurements of the structure, the client risked damaging the LED display and delaying the project – which would have cost them time and money.

Nicholson deployed the Leica RTC360 laser scanner to capture 2-4 mm accurate data of the area.

Along with the installation of the new LED display, the arena was undergoing many other offseason restoration projects. Scanning of the project area needed to happen around heavy foot traffic and could not disrupt these other operations.

“There was a lot of other stuff going on there and if there's vibrations, that'll throw off the laser scanner,” Nicholson explained. “So, anytime that I was setting up on a platform and they were also driving over a forklift or something like that, I'd have to rescan after they passed by, because their vibrations would mess up the scanning process.”

Nicholson’s training and experience helped him ensure that outside factors would not compromise any of the scans.

The scanning process took roughly an hour. Once Nicholson completed the scans, the point cloud data was sent off to GPRS’ in-house Mapping & Modeling Team.

Point cloud data refers to the data points collected by 3D laser scanners, like the Leica RTC360. Point clouds are also the foundation used by our Mapping & Modeling Team to create 2D CAD drawings and 3D BIM models.

With the point cloud data collected by Nicholson, the Mapping & Modeling Team created a 3D model of the steel structure.

Now that they have a highly accurate model of the area, Daktronics can assess with precision whether the structure meets the necessary requirements for the safe and efficient installation of the new LED display. They can also use that data for reference during any future renovations or O&M.

Even though Nicholson prefers football or hockey, he still felt excited about working at this arena for the day.

“I'm a huge football and hockey fan, but being in a sports arena is always cool,” Nicholson said. “I was right at the area where you look straight in and there's the court right there.”

From jumbotrons to skyscrapers, GPRS Visualizes the Built World® to help you Plan, Build, and Manage Better.

What can we help you visualize?

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How do I know if 3D laser scanning is right for my project?

Almost any project that requires as-built information can benefit from a laser scanning survey. Talk with our experts and start your 3D laser scanning survey project today.

What deliverables can GPRS provide?

We can provide 3D modeling in many formats such as:

• Point Cloud Data (Raw Data)
• 2D CAD Drawings
• 3D Non-Intelligent Models
• 3D BIM Models
• JetStream Viewer

Customizable Deliverables Upon Request

• Aerial Photogrammetry
• Comparative Analysis
• Deformation Analysis
• Digital Drawings of GPR Markings
• Floor Flatness Analysis/Contour Mapping
• New Construction Accuracy Analysis/Comparative Analysis
• Point Cloud Modeling Training Webinars
• Reconciliation of Clients 2D Design Drawings
• Reconciliation of Clients 3D Design Model
• Structural Steel Shape Probability Analysis
• Template Modeling
• Volume Calculations
• Wall Plumb Analysis

Accurate utility locating data helped ensure the safe and efficient installation of electric vehicle chargers at a service station in Ohio.

GPRS was contracted to locate and map utilities at the station in Cambridge, Ohio prior to the installation of EV chargers.

Project Manager Derrik Clark utilized both electromagnetic (EM) locating and ground penetrating radar (GPR) to locate and map the utilities.

“It's the exact same approach no matter what [the client’s attempting to do],” Clark said. “Because the goal is for them to not hit any existing utilities [when digging] for obvious safety reasons, and then obviously so you’re not interrupting operations or causing anybody to spend money fixing those things. So, for me, there’s never a different approach as to how I’m locating things, regardless of the job type. I find the underground utilities and mark them.”

EM locators detect electromagnetic signals radiating from metallic pipes and cables. These signals can be created by the locator’s transmitter applying current to the pipe, or from current flow in a live electrical cable. They can also result from a conductive pipe acting as an antenna and re-radiating signals from stray electrical fields (detected by the EM locator functioning in Power Mode) and communications transmissions (Radio Mode).

Signals are created by the current flowing from the transmitter which travels along the conductor (line/cable/pipe) and back to the transmitter. The current typically uses a ground to complete the current. A ground stake is used to complete the circuit through the ground.

GPR scanners send radio waves into the ground or a surface such as a concrete slab, then detect the interactions between those signals and any subsurface items such as buried utilities, embedded rebar or post tension cable, or underground storage tanks (USTs).

This data is displayed in a GPR readout as a series of hyperbolas, which vary in size and shape depending on what kind of material as detected. GPRS Project Managers are specially trained to interpret this data to tell you what was located, where it’s located, and its estimated depth underground or within the concrete slab.

Our Project Managers utilize both GPR and EM locating when conducting utility locates because they perfectly complement each other’s strengths and weaknesses.

When locating utilities around the service station in Ohio, Clark leaned primarily on EM locating. This was due to an abundance of aboveground contact points which he could use create a traceable signal, and the fact that the soil consistency and other environmental factors were interfering with his GPR scanner’s ability to penetrate the asphalt and soil.

“Max depth with GPR was very poor at this site,” Clark said. “It was like a foot-and-a-half, so that’s why I primarily used the EM locator. It’s always a combination of GPR and EM locating, but since GPR was limited so much I was more relying on the EM locator and hooking on to any surface features that were there.”

The accurate, actionable utility locating data Clark collected was uploaded into SiteMap^® (patent pending), GPRS’ infrastructure mapping, and construction and facilities project management software application designed to help you plan, manage, and build better. Securely accessible 24/7 from any computer, tablet, or smartphone, SiteMap allowed the project team to work around a single source of truth that eliminated the costly and potentially dangerous mistakes so often caused by miscommunication and bad data.

The installer was able to complete their work without striking any buried utilities, ensuring the safety of everyone on-site and the success of their project. Services at the station were able to continue without the disruption that would have occurred due to destructive and expensive potholing to find the buried utilities.

From skyscrapers to sewer lines, GPRS Visualizes The Built World^® to keep you on time, on budget, and safe.

What can we help you visualize?

Frequently Asked Questions

What do the utility marking colors mean?

The American Public Works Association (APWA) has established a universal color code to differentiate various utilities:

• Red – Electric power lines, cables, and lighting cables
• Orange – Communication, alarm, signal lines, and fiber optic cables
• Yellow – Gas, oil, steam, petroleum, and other flammable materials
• Green – Sewer and drain lines
• Blue – Potable (drinking) water
• Purple – Reclaimed water, irrigation, and slurry lines
• Pink – Temporary survey markings
• White – Proposed excavation area

What is RTK and why does it matter?

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning is a high-precision geo-positioning method that uses satellite correction data to achieve centimeter-level accuracy in the right conditions. In utility locating, RTK ensures that mapped utility data is geospatially accurate, enabling precise excavation and long-term asset management.